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Globalisation and migration Globalisation and Migration Cameron Dunn Chief Examiner, Edexcel.

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Presentation on theme: "Globalisation and migration Globalisation and Migration Cameron Dunn Chief Examiner, Edexcel."— Presentation transcript:

1 Globalisation and migration Globalisation and Migration Cameron Dunn Chief Examiner, Edexcel

2 Globalisation and migration 1-Is migration increasing? Firstly, who are we talking about? Essentially, anyone who is resident in a country other than that of their birth:

3 Globalisation and migration In addition, there are Internally Displaced People (IDPs). IDPs account for around 25 million migrants Estimates suggest 30-40 million illegal migrants worldwide Refugees amount to 8-10 million The majority are economic migrants – about 130 million There is a distinct geography for each group 75% of all migrants are to be found in only 12% of countries

4 Globalisation and migration Migrant flows have risen from 76 million in 1960, to 176 million in 2000, and 191 million in 2006. Migrants represent 3% of global population. Source: United Nations World Migrant stock (2005)

5 Globalisation and migration 2-Who is moving, and to where? Net immigration to the G8 countries and EU Net emigration from the SE Asian NICs Complex area of flux: conflict and rapid economic growth Net emigration, but at a low level (relatively developed) Immigration next to emigration; related to conflict and economic opportunity

6 Globalisation and migration Refugees Refugees are focussed close areas of conflict: Balkans  W Europe Africa  nearby African states Middle East  Pakistan, Iran, the Arab states

7 Globalisation and migration Net international immigration International economic migration is concentrated in Europe, the USA and the Middle East:

8 Globalisation and migration Illegal immigration is focussed on certain key ‘porous borders’. The Canaries, Malta, Ceuta and Melilla in Europe and the USA/ Mexico border.

9 Globalisation and migration Major flows, 2005

10 Globalisation and migration Migration corridors:

11 Globalisation and migration Hotspots: HOTSPOTREASONS USA Illegal and legal economic migration from Mexico. Business migration from EU and Asia Family repatriation from Asia Europe ‘Porous southern border’ illegal migration from Africa Post-Accession migration from Eastern Europe Family repatriation from former colonies Middle East Low wage labour migration from South Asia Near East War and conflict Other Between former Soviet Republics Conflicts in Africa

12 Globalisation and migration “The growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology” (IMF) ASPECTS OF GLOBALISATION ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGICAL POLITICAL CULTURAL DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTAL 3-What is globalisation?

13 Globalisation and migration ‘Shrinking world’ Internet and Satellite: financial flows, business decisions. Falling cost of communication Containerisation Cheap air travel, and air freight Cross-border road and rail networks English: international language of business MONEY, GOODS and PEOPLE move more easily than ever before.

14 Globalisation and migration The Globalisation / Global Shift link:

15 Globalisation and migration Globalisation is a process. It has many outcomes. Some key outcomes are: THE GLOBAL SHIFT – as industries and businesses shift, people shift with them. RISING WEALTH – existing MEDCs have generally done well, plus some others (China). INCREASING INEQUALITY – the gap between ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ is growing. It has made MOVING EASIER, and has created a DEMAND for migrants. 4-How are globalisation and migration linked?

16 Globalisation and migration Migration and development: the ‘migration hump’

17 Globalisation and migration Conflict The number of conflicts has fallen from a high in 1990, but is still significant The volume of refugees and IDPs remains high.

18 Globalisation and migration PUSH REDUCED INTERVENING OBSTACLES PULL Growing income inequality. Continued political conflict. Transport & Communications. Knowledge. Border controls. Rising wealth. Ageing populations. Opportunity. Urbanisation. Migration push and pull?

19 Globalisation and migration 5-Is migration a cost or a benefit? An interesting argument is put by many politicians that globalisation is good i.e. free movement of goods and capital, but that free movement of people is not. This creates a paradox as borders are opened to goods and capital, but closed to people.

20 Globalisation and migration Host Countries Most research suggests that economic migrants are motivated, skilled, tend to set up businesses and are innovative. There is evidence that migrants do not ‘steal’ local jobs (see Scottish Highlands article) Low paid illegal migrants have been tolerated in the UK (500,000?) and USA (10 million?) – does this not suggest their economic contribution is accepted?

21 Globalisation and migration Most studies have found that immigration has little impact on wages A recent LSE study (“The Impact of Recent Immigration on the London Economy”, July 2007) found no evidence of wage depression. UK unemployment has not been affected by the huge wave of A8 immigration; employment levels are at a historic high (74%).

22 Globalisation and migration Partly the problem is one of planning Virtually no planning took place for A8 immigration, because the estimates proved so far out.

23 Globalisation and migration Dependency on remittances is very high in many countries

24 Globalisation and migration SummarySOURCEHOST COSTS Loss of workforce Brain Drain Ageing Population decline Social / Age imbalance Exploitation Social / cultural tensions Political tensions Services pressure (housing, NHS) Crime Population rise BENEFITS Remittances Higher Wages Skills can be taken back Deflationary pressure Skills gaps filled Economic turnaround Business opportunities (banks, supermarkets) & economic growth Multi-culturalism Counter-acts ageing

25 Globalisation and migration Dangers? Lack of planning results in strained services and upset ‘hosts’ Social and cultural issues dominate over economic ones. Border controls cost money, and reduce economic flexibility. Closing borders will impact on GDP and development in poorer countries. Migration, which is largely economic, becomes politicised.


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