1. Theories and Supranationalism

2. Construction of the World Economy Capitalism – people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit. Commodification – the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good. Colonialism – brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy.

3. The Capitalist World-Economy The World-Economy is more than the sum of its parts. It is composed of “dots” but we must also understand the “whole.” Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Pierre Seurat

4. Immanuel Wallerstein ’ s World-Systems Theory: 1.The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2.Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. 3.The world economy has a three-tier structure.

5. Three Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the world economy

6. Core  Most states have assumed their current shape following centuries of growth  Gain immigrants to work from periphery  Examples: North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia

7. Semi-periphery  newly industrialized states  with median standards of living; often offer  citizens diverse economic opportunities  extreme gaps between rich and poor  Brazil, India, Indonesia

8. Periphery  The benefits of the core area thin the farther you move outward  Any resource benefits of the periphery are typically shipped backed to the core  Leave to provide labor in core  Examples: Africa (except South Africa), SE Asia, Western South America

9. What is the Brandt Line/North- South Line?  Created out of the 1980 Brandt Report  Areas north of the line are the core/developed states, those south are developing or lesser developed states

11. Capitals  Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access  Many capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth: Washington D.C.  Some capitals have been relocated to make the more accessible

12. Capitals  Usually located in the core area and frequently the focus of it  Capital cities are also frequently the largest or the Primate City  Primate City: dominates the economic structure of the entire country

13. Forward-Thrust capital City  Deliberately sited in a state ’ s interior  Brazil relocated its capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia  Nigeria – Abula  Kazakhstan – Astana

14. Brasilia

17. Nigeria - Abuja

19. Kazakhstan – Astana

21. Geopolitics  Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions  power relationships: past, present, and future  Manifest Destiny, Monroe Doctrine, “ Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ”

22. Geopolitics – German School Ratzel ’ s Organic Theory a)Held that a nation which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism b)Nourishment of organism provided by acquisition of territories and people c)Territory is essential to life. d)Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzel ’ s ideas.

23. Geopolitics – British/American School Sir Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory a)Believed a land-based power, not a sea power, would ultimately rule the world because it has ample resources b)Pivot area extended from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia

24. Mackinder – Heartland Theory  The Heartland is impenetrable  Resource rich  Provided a base for world conquest

25. Mackinder – Heartland Theory  “ Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland ”  “ Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island ”  “ Who rules the World Island commands the World ”

27. Geopolitics Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory  Critic of Mackinder  Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power

29. Spykman-Rimland  Fragmented zone  Divided rimland key to balance of world power  Dense population, abundant resources, controlling access to both the sea and the interior  Rimland must “contain” the Heartland

30. Spykman-Rimland  “ Who controls the Rimland controls Eurasia ”  “ Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny of the world ”

31. Post WW II Geopolitical World Order  Bipolar - Cold War - 1945 to 1991  U.S. vs. Soviet Union  NATO vs. Warsaw Pact  Multipolar - “New World Order” - 1991 to 2000  International cooperation  Unilateral - 2000 to 2008  States, particularly U.S., taking individual action

32. NATO and Warsaw Pact Countries

33. Domino Theory  When one country experiences rebellion or disunity, so will others around it  Term coined by President Eisenhower (1953-1961)  Used to justify U.S. intervention in Southeast Asia in the 1960s and Central America in the 1980s

34. Supranational Organizations A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * How many supranational organizations exist in the world today? At least 60

35. United Nations  Background: League of Nations – 1919, idea of Woodrow Wilson but…  Basics:  Cooperate with internationally approved standards  191 members  Aid: refugees, poverty, troops, human rights

36. Global Scale – The United Nations

37. Regional Scale - Europe  Benelux: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemberg  Marshall Plan: US aid to Western European Courntries  Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) to European Economic Community (EEC) to European Community (EC) to European Union (EU)

38. Regional Scale - Europe  European Union: domestic, military, and certain sovereign policies that govern all members  12 European Community (EC) members established the EU – 1992  Euro introduced in 2002  Problems facing the EU?  Subsidies, Germany, Turkey Germany, France, UK, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark and Ireland

39. Regional Scale – The European Union

40. Supranationalism Elsewhere…  NAFTA, ACS, APEC, CIS…  Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate trade  None like the European Union