3. Survival Value of Locomotion 1. Find Food 2. Find Shelter 3.Find Mate 4.Escape Danger

4. The skeleton is made up of bone and cartilage. Adults - 206 bones. Infants 300 + bones that fuse together  adult 206 Bones contain living tissue, cells, blood vessels, nerves, and mineral deposits. They are LIVING CELLS. The SKELETON

5. Functions of the skeleton 1. Muscles attach to bones for movement 2. Protection of vital organs 3. Give shape and support 4. Mineral storage (Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium) 5. Inside bones in the marrow blood cells are made

6. Bone Dance

7. What are Joints? What’s their purpose? Can you name different kinds of joints? http://www.squidoo.com/skeletal-and-muscular-systems

8. Immovable Joint

9. BONES Rigid, NONFLEXIBLE connective tissue Osteocytes – bone cells Made up of phosphorus, calcium and other minerals  Leukemia – Cancer of bone marrow

10. Bone Structure: Periosteum: Outer membrane, nerves and blood vessels here Compact bone: Smooth, hard (What you look at with skeleton) Spongy bone: Looks like a Sponge. Bone is not quite as hard as compact bone, but it is still very strong. Bone marrow: the innermost part of the bone, is sort of like a thick jelly, and its job is to make blood cells. Periosteum Compact bone Spongy bone Compact bone

12. Tough, FLEXIBLE, ELASTIC connective tissue Functions: a. Cushions a. Cushions b. Protects ends of bones c. Allows for more movement ** Cartilage makes up most of the embryo's skeleton. ** Most of this cartilage changes to bone by adulthood by the process of OSSIFICATION CARTILAGE

13. Where do you find cartilage? Movable joints Ribs connect to sternum Between Vertebrae Nose and ears

14. LIGAMENTS: Connects BONE to BONE Tough inelastic connective tissue –Common ligaments - ACL, MCL in knees TENDONS: connects BONE to MUSCLE Tough inelastic connective tissue –Common tendons – Achilles tendon in heel

15. Common problems Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints –Many causes including deterioration of cartilage in joints Tendonitis: Inflammation of the tendons –Common in athletes due to overuse

16. Lindsey Vonn in Ski World Championships 2013 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKllxizO5MA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwA5Oh8DHvA

17. Knee Replacements Interactive

18. Meniscus (Cartilage) tear Between your femur and your tibia are two C-shaped discs of cartilage that act as shock absorbers and keep knee stable SYMPTOMS –a "pop" in the knee when the tear occurs –pain in the center or side of the knee –swelling and stiffness in the knee –limited range of motion –it might not straighten Need MRI do diagnose Some injuries just need rest, others surgery

19. ACL injury – anterior cruciate ligament SYPMTOMS “POP” Sound Knee less stable than before Pain and swelling DIAGNOSIS Lachman test Pivot-shift test Anterior drawer test MRI tests video

21. MCL injury– Medial Collateral Ligament SYPMTOMS “Pop” Sound Loose joint SwellingDIAGNOSIS Lachman Test Varus load testMRI

22. Achilles tendonitis and tear - Tendonitis – usually from overuse Tear – Usually caused by many small problems over time

23. More Common Problems Dislocation of joint - When a bone gets pulled out of its joint from a fall or some other accident. bone

25. D.T.

26. Fracture of bone Bone break –MANY TYPES

28. Muscles 1.Cells that CONTRACT Only Always pull not push!!!Always pull not push!!! 2. Attach to bones with tendons to move 3. Can be Voluntary (you control) or Involuntary (do not control)

30. 3 Types of Muscles

31. Smooth Muscle – Involuntary Muscle – Found in digestive system, arteries, veins, capillaries

32. Cardiac Muscle – Involuntary – Hardest working muscle in the body – Found in the HEART ONLY

33. Skeletal muscle – Voluntary Muscle – Attached to skeleton for leverage – Allows Movement

34. MUSCLE FATIGUE: results from lack of oxygen making it to your muscle cells –lactic acid builds up in skeletal muscles –Causes muscle to no longer be able to contract until lactic acid is removed

35. LABEL

36. Single Celled Organisms have a great variety of locomotion structures. Name some of them:

37. Cilia & Flagella & Pseudopods Cilia –short, hair-like projections Flagella- one or two, longer whip-like structures Pseudopod- fake foot, projection of cytoplasm Cilia Flagella

39. cranium sternum