2. * Functions of the muscular system * 3 Type of muscles * How muscles work * Muscle Make Up * Location and action of muscles * Joints * Common problems/prevention You need to know…. KINETIC CHAIN – Everything in the body affects everything else!

3. * There is a total of 434 muscles in the body * Makes up 40-55% of the total bodyweight * Distributed in pairs on the R & L sides of the body * 75 muscle pairs are responsible for body movements and posture * Remaining muscles are used for activities like eye control and swallowing

4. An organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. Permits movement of the body Maintains posture Circulates blood throughout the body.

5. Involuntary System * Process occurs WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE, just happens * Not under your control * Examples? Heart- breathe, heart beat Digestive System – the way food moves through your system Voluntary System * Conscious * Every other muscle in your body * Jumping, move your pencil, kicking a ball

7. Lining of body’s internal hollow organs * Mainly digestive tract * Passageway leading to the lungs * Urinary tract

8. Attached to bone * Majority of our muscles are skeletal * Composed of long cells called fibers * If exercised, they become enlarged / increase in diameter. (Not new ones) * Not exercising will cause atrophy.

9. Forms wall of the heart * Responsible for why the heart contracts * Heart contracts 100,000 times each day to pump blood throughout your body.

10. Extensibility – Ability to be stretched Elasticity – Return to normal length after being stretched; property of tendons & ligaments as well Excitability (irritability) & Contractibility – Ability to shorten & produce tension/force Muscle Fiber Types Fast Twitch FibersModerateSlow Twitch CharacteristicsType 2bType 2aType 2b Resistance to FatigueLowModerateHigh Energy SystemAnaerobicBoth systemsAerobic Speed of ShorteningHighModerateLow EffeciencyLowModerateHigh

11. …..Muscle Fiber Types Every whole muscle has fast (Type 2b), moderate (Type 2a, & slow twitch (Type 1) Some muscles have more than others based on function Genetics determines what you have Motor Unit – nerves & all fibers > # of motor units recruited (activated) > force production > # of FT motor units > force production

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGtq0eJshI8 Tendon – Connects muscle to bone Ligament – Connects bone to bone Fascia – Holds all muscle cells together Whole muscle – 1 muscle / Ex. Bicep Motor Neuron – Controls muscle cells Sacrolemma – Cell membranes; determines what goes in & out of the cell Myofibrils – Bundles of protein (actin & myosin) Actin & Myosin – When stimulated, they slide past each other causing muscles to contract http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=L2p73iuKJGY&feature=endscreen

13. Anterior Figure 6.20

14. Posterior Figure 6.21

15. Planes

16. Effects of Exercise on Muscle  Results of increased muscle use  Increase in muscle size  Increase in muscle strength  Increase in muscle efficiency  Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9wRTIZIByk

17. Muscles and Body Movements  Muscles are attached to at least 2 points  Origin – attachment to a moveable bone  Insertion – attachment to an immovable bone http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic- sections/msk/muscle-atlas

18. Types of Muscle Contractions  Isotonic contractions  Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions  The muscle shortens  Isometric contractions  Tension in the muscles increases  The muscle is unable to shorten

19. Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings 2 bones closer together  Extension - opposite of flexion / muscle is lengthening  External Rotation – Rotating away from midline  Internal Rotation – Rotating inward to midline  Protraction - anatomical part of the body forward (anteriorly). Include the shoulders, jaw, pelvis.  Retraction - anatomical part of the body backward (posteriorly) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqhYtI8QVsA

20.  Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinal axis.  Ex: shaking head “no”  Abduction - moving a body part away from the midline.  Adduction –moving a body part toward the midline.  Supination – Palm face up (turn clockwise). Sole of foot faces the midline of the body (clockwise)  Pronation – Palm face down (turn counter clockwise). Sole of foot turns away from midline (counter clockwise)  Circumduction - the circular movement of a limb Ex. Round house kick, pitching a ball cont…. Types of Ordinary Body Movements

21. * Muscle Soreness – usually temporary * Sore if you have not used them in awhile, or pushed beyond what they’re use to. * Bruises AKA Contusion - blood vessels beneath the skin rupture; blow to the body

22. Strain/sprain – results when muscles are stretched or partially torn from over-extertion. - P.R.I.C.E Tendonitis - inflammation of the tendon, overuse or natural ageing. -Treatment includes ultrasound or anti- inflammatory medication. Hernia – organ/tissue protrudes through area of weak muscle - strain to lift heavy object

23. -skeletal muscle fibers progressively destroyed -muscle weakness, loss of tissue -may occur in certain groups of muscles or all Hypertrophy (link below) -can occur in children or adults -inherited http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKu5BAMV4po

24. Biceps Brachii * Location: anterior side of humerus * Action: Flexes the forearm at the elbow when supinated. * Supinated- rotation of the forearm and hand so the palm faces forward or upward and the radius lies parallel to the ulna Biceps Brachii is contracted Biceps are lengthened

25. Triceps Brachii * Location: Posterior side of Humerus * Action: extends the forearm at the elbow Triceps Brachii are contracted Triceps Brachii are lengthened

26. Deltoids * Location: cover shoulders * Action: abducts arm, Flexion (anterior portion), extension (posterior portion) * Abduction: The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body * Anterior- toward the front * Posterior- toward the rear

27. Rotator Cuff Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus,Teres Minor * Location: surround head of humerus * Action: externally rotate upper arm Subscapularis * Location: surround head of the humerus * Action: internally rotate upper arm

28. Trapezius * Location: Base of Neck to middle of the back/shoulder blades * Action: elevates scapula, retracts scapula Latissimus Dorsi * Location: Upper back below and to the sides of the shoulder blades (scapula) * Action: adduction and extension of humerus * Adduction: the lateral movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

29. Rhomboid Major * Location: upper back between shoulder blades (scapula) * Action: Adduction of the scapula Erector Spinae Muscles Location: on either side of the spine Action: extends torso

30. Pectoralis Major * Location: covers most of the rib cage * Action: adducts humerus, flexion of the arm from extension

31. Tensor Fascia Lata * Location: Lateral portion of the femur * Action: hip flexion, abduction Gluteus Maximus * Location: outer rim of ilium * Insertion: IT Band (primary insertion), gluteal tuberosity femur * Action: powerful extensor of hip

32. Semitendinous, Semimembranosus, Bicep Femoris * Location: Posterior side of leg * Action: Flexor at the knee, extends hip

33. Adductor Magnus Location: medial side of thigh Action: adducts and extends the thigh

34. Rectus Femoris * Location: Front of the thigh * Action: extends knee, flexes hip Vastus Lateralis, intermedius, medialis * Location: Front of the thigh * Action: extends knee

35. Gastrocnemius Location: behind the shin (Tibia, Fibula) Action: plantar flex the ankle

36. Oblique (love Handles) * Location: Lateral side of abdomen * Action: lateral flexion or rotation Tranverse Abdominus * Location: deep in front of abdomen * Action: Tenses abdominal wall and compresses abdominal contents Rectus Abdominus * Location: on surface of abdomen (six pack) * Action: flexes thoracic and lumbar spine against resistance, tenses abdominal wall