2. 10.5% of Romania's population is represented by minorities (the rest of 89.5% being Romanians). The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians and Roma peope, with a declining German population and smaller numbers of Poles in Bucovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the Kraków region in Poland in the 19th century)

3. ro.wikipedia.org Minorities of Romania

4. MinorityPopulation Percent of the total population Area Hungarians1,431,8076.6%TransylvaniaTransylvania, BucharestBucharest Roma535,1402.46% Ukrainians61,0980.28%BukovinaBukovina, MaramureşMaramureş Transylvanian SaxonsTransylvanian Saxons, Swabians Swabians 59,7640.28% SibiuSibiu, Braşov, Bistriţa, Timiş, Caraş SeverinBraşovBistriţaTimiş Caraş Severin RussiansRussians/LipovansLipovans35,7910.17%Tulcea County Turks32,0980.15%Dobrogea Crimean Tatars23,9350.11%Dobrogea Serbs22,5610.10% TimişTimiş, Arad, Caraş-Severin, MehedinţiAradCaraş-Severin Mehedinţi

5. Slovaks17,2260.08% Bulgarians8,0250.04%Banat Croats6,8070.03%Caraş-Severin Greeks6,4720.03%Dobrogea Jews5,7850.03% BucovinaBucovina, Bucharest Bucharest Czechs3,9380.02% Caraş-Severin County Poles3,5590.02%Suceava County Italians3,2880.02% BucharestBucharest, Timiş CountyTimiş County Chinese2,2430.01%Bucharest Armenians1,7800.01%Gherla Csángó1,2660.01%Western MoldovaMoldova Romanian National Institute of Statistics, 2002

6. The distribution of Romanian population on counties at the 2002 census

7. The distribution of Hungarian population on counties at the 2002 census

8. Most ethnic Hungarians of Romania live in areas that were, before the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, parts of Hungary. These areas are today known as Transylvania, where Hungarians make up about 20% of the population. Hungarians form a large majority of the population in the counties of Harghita (84.6%) and Covasna (73.79%)

9. The distribution of Roma people on counties at the 2002 census

10. Demographic history The presence of the Roms within the territory of present-day Romania dates back to the 14th century. Before 1856 Until their liberation on February 20, 1856, most Roms lived in slavery. They could not leave the property of their owner (the boyars and the orthodox monasteries). Between 1856 and 1918 After their liberation in 1856, a significant number of Roms left Walachia and Moldavia; In 1886 the number of Roms: around 200,000, or 3.2% of Romania's population; The 1899 census counted around 210,806 "others", of whom roughly half (or 2% of the country's population) were Roma;

11. ro.wikipedia.org

12. Between 1918 and 1945 The 1918 union with Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina and Bessarabia increased the number of ethnic Roma; The territory lost in 1940 caused a drop in the number, Roma leaving a high number especially in Southern Dobrouja and Northern Transylvania; The Romanian government of Ion Antonescu deported 25,000 Roma to Transnistria; Between 1945 and 2007 Though the persecution of Roma ended after 1945, their social situation didn't improve substantially;

13. After 2007 The accession of Romania to the European Union in 2007 determined many members of the Romani minority, the most socially disadvantaged ethnic group in Romania, to migrate in masses to various Western countries (mostly to Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, France) hoping to find a better life; The exact number of emigrants in unknown.

14. The presence of the Roms in Europe, today ro.wikipedia.org

15. Ukrainians the third-largest ethnic minority in Romania live mainly in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border this area was formerly part of the Austrian province of Bukovina.

16. The distribution of Ukrainian population on counties at the 2002 census

17. The Germans are divided into two distinct groups: - the Protestant Saxons - the Catholic Swabians. The Saxons arrived in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, invited by Hungarian kings. Most came from the Rhineland and settled in the south and east of Transylvania. The Swabians settled in Romania much later, in the mid and late 1700s. They came chiefly from the Württemberg area and ended up mostly in the Banat. Since the second world war, most ethnic Germans have left Romania, ending up primarily in Germany and Austria.

18. The distribution of German population on counties at the 2002 census

19. Emigration abroad In 1956: 385,000 /Germans in Romania 44,000 people left the country in 1991 18,000 in 1993 20,000 in 1995

20. The distribution of Russian population on counties at the 2002 census

21. Jews In 1912 there were an estimated 240,000 Jews in the area of the Kingdom of Romania. First arriving from Poland and the Austro- Hungarian Empire in the 1800s, in the late 1800s Jews constituted a majority in the ten northernmost towns of Moldavia, especially Iaşi (Jassy). Bucharest also had a significant number of Jews. Today, the largest segment of the Jewish population (about 17,000) live in Bucharest.

22. The ethnics who live in a majority in the urban area: Romanians and Hungarians (a little over 50% each). The Germans who lived in the urban environment even had a percentage of 2 thirds, by reason of a historical tradition and their occupations (craftsmen, merchants, businessmen) etc. The Ukrainians and the Roms were in a majority in the rural environment (60% Roms and 80% Ukrainians) – the Roms had been slaves on the lands, until the middle of the XIX century, when they were set free, but the majority preferred to remain in the rural environment. – The Ukrainians have different rural occupations: they were first of all agriculturalists, being distributed especially in the counties next to the border of Ukraine.

23. The distribution of ethnics according to sex The women dominate with: Romanians (51,3 %) Hungarians (51,9 %) Germans (53,5 %) the Ukrainians and the Roms there was an equilibrium regarding the sex distribution.

24. The Romanians’ educational level ( 2002) 47% had at least an intermediate education level 37% were graduate from the higher secondary education (high school and industrial schools) 3% were graduate from the post high school 7% were graduate from higher education courses.

25.  65% of Romanians  71% of the Hungarians  67% of the Germans  graduated from the secondary and post secondary education  grammar school  industrial school  high school  post high school  master women school

26. Ethnics Total IASI county Iasi county Urban Iasi County Rural Percentage (%) Total population816910387786429124Percentage Romanians80099737985142114698,052 Hungarians310275350,038 Roms, gypsies9624373858861,178 Ukrainians756780,009 Germans18117650,022 Russians3586164319430,439 Turkish535120,006

27. Tatars7610,001 Serbians7520,001 Slovakians4310,000 Bulgarians8710,001 Croatians4400,000 Greeks44443680,054 Jewish43743340,053 Czechs2200,000 Polish262330,003 Italians10380230,013 Chinese5410,001 Armenians24 00,003 Csángó2200,000 Romanian National Institute of Statistics, 2002

28. The geographic distribution of Romanian population in Iasi county at the 2002 census

29. The geographic distribution of Roma population in Iasi county at the 2002 census

30. The geographic distribution of Russian population in Iasi county at the 2002 census

31. The geographic distribution of Greek population in Iasi county at the 2002 census

32. The geographic distribution of Jewish population in Iasi county at the 2002 census

33. Before World War II:World War II – minorities represented more than 28% of the total population During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of: – Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Moldova and Ukraine) BessarabiaBukovina Soviet UnionMoldovaUkraine – southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria).DobrudjaBulgaria

34. Emigration after the war In the post war period, within limits imposed by the socialist political system, getting an emigration visa was sometimes very difficult restricting very much the number of departures abroad.

35. 1975- 1989 362,463 persons left the country Preferred destinations:  RFGFrance  USASweden  IsraelItaly  Austria  Canada  Hungary  Greece Romanian National Institute of Statistics

36. 1990- 2004 361,692 persons 1990/1995: Israel, Turkey, Italy, Hungary, Germany 1996/ 2001: Italy, Israel 2002: Romanian access to Schengen space changed labour migration into a mass phenomenon – Atractive countries: Italy and Spain

37. Migration in Romania men women  Romanian National Institute of Statistics

39. 2002 21000 foreign citizens who had been living for more than one year on the territory of Romania – Moldavian – Turkish – Chinese – Italian – Greek – Syrians

40. ro.wikipedia.org

41. Members of the project “Carmen Sylva” School, Iasi, Romania Source: ro.wikipedia.org