1. UNIT 3 CELL BOUNDARIES AND TRANSPORT

2. CELL BOUNDARIES Cell Wall – _____________ & _____________ the cell – Lies outside of the __________________ – Is made of ______________& ______________ – Plant cell walls are mainly ___________ – Fungi cell walls are mainly ___________ supportprotect cell membrane carbohydrates proteins cellulose chitin

4. II. CELL Membrane A cell is defined as the smallest _________ unit of life. In order to maintain ___________, _______ must be moved into the cell and ______ must be transported out of the cell. In addition, some cells produce _________ and other materials designated for export. All materials moving in and out of the cell must pass through the ____________a ______________boundary found in ____ cells. CELL BOUNDARIES working homeostasisnutrients wastes hormones cell membrane semi permeable all

5. Cell Membrane in a Nutshell (187-190) – Made mainly of ____________ & _________ – Hydrophobic tails of phospholipids make molecules line up as a _______ with polar head facing _____ and nonpolar tails facing ___. phospholipid proteins bilayer out in

6. Function – Membranes are __________________ = Semi- permeable, picky – Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keeps others out – __________ what enters & leaves the cell – Helps maintain ___________ selectively permeable Controls homeostasis

7. Other components of the cell membrane – Proteins- Peripheral- on the inside or outside surface – Receptor proteins- on the outside surface; ________________ to inside cell – On inside surface; __________ the cell membrane to cell’s internal support structure (cytoskeletal) giving cell its shape – Transport proteins (also called integral)- _______________________ through the membrane; used as channels or tunnels to move things in or out of the cell transmit signals anchors embedded all the way

8. Other components of the cell membrane Cholesterol- only in _______ cells – Helps prevent fatty acid tails from ________ together – Provides ________ for ________ cell (no cell wall) animal sticking stabilityanimal

9. Other components of the cell membrane Carbohydrates- in chain form; on outside surface – Used to ____________ ; cell ID tags – If found on top of a protein the whole structure is called a _____________ – If found on top of a phospholipid the whole structure is called a _________ recognize self glycoprotein glycolipid

11. Label the following cell membrane 1.Transport/Integral Protein 2.Peripheral Protein on the inside 3.Glycoprotein 4.Glycolipid 5.Cholesterol

12. CARBOHYDRATES On the outside of the cell membrane to identify as “self or non-self”

13. PROTEINS Embedded in the bilayer Serve as channels & pumps for transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane

14. What biomolecule regulates what can enter or leave the cell w/o a channel or pump? A.Lipid B.Carbohydrate C.Protein D.Nucleic Acid

15. What biomolecule Serve as channels & pumps for transport A.Lipid B.Carbohydrate C.Protein D.Nucleic Acid

16. What biomolecule is used to to identify as “self or non-self” A.Lipid B.Carbohydrate C.Protein D.Nucleic Acid

17. Non-polar, middle portion of cell membrane A.a B.b C.c D.d E.e

18. Embedded in cell membrane, serve as channels & pumps A.a B.b C.c D.d E.e

19. Polar portion of cell membrane oriented towards water A.a B.b C.c D.d E.e

20. Provides stability for animal cell membrane A.a B.b C.c D.d E.e

21. Serve as “id” tags for cell A.a B.b C.c D.d E.e

22. CELL TRANSPORT Passive Transport Does NOT require ________ Movement of substances from a ______ concentration to ______ 3 Types: o Diffusion o Facilitated diffusion o Osmosis energy high low

23. DIFFUSION Diffusion: Random movement of molecules in a ________ or _____ Many substances move across the ________________ by diffusion, for example _________________________ Example: odor gradually fills a room cell membrane water, oxygen, & small molecules liquid gas

24. FACILITATED DIFFUSION Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion of _____________through a _____________ Ex: glucose as it is transported across a cell membrane by a protein channel large molecules protein channel

25. FACILITATED DIFFUSION Protein channels provide larger openings for larger molecules like ________________. In addition, due to the _________ fatty acid tails that make up most of the phospholipid bilayer, _____ molecules and _____ utilize protein channels. glucose, & fructose non-polar polar ions

26. FACILITATED DIFFUSION This includes ________, which utilizes specialized protein channels known as ________________. ***A protein pump is active transport so this sentence should be in the active transport section Na & K Protein pumps

27. OSMOSIS Osmosis: Diffusion of ________from a _______ water concentration to a ________ water concentration through a __________________ membrane. There are comparative terms used to describe the water versus solute concentration on either side of the a membrane: waterhigh low Selectively permeable

29. OSMOSIS Hypertonic = __________________solute; _________________water Hypotonic = ____________________solute; _________________water – Water always moves from ___________→ ______________ higher concentration lower concentration higher concentration hypOtonic hyp er tonic

30. OSMOSIS Isotonic = Relative concentrations of ______ and ______ are ________ – There will be ___ net movement of water if two solutions are isotonic water solute equal no

32. OSMOSIS Cells must have a mechanism for counteracting the pressure osmosis can create, otherwise a cell could swell & burst or explode when it is placed in a ___________ environment How to control Osmotic Pressure: o Cell wall - Rigid boundary found in ________________ o Physically prevents cell from expanding o Contractile vacuole- Actively________ water out of cell single-celled organisms without ________ o Blood/Extracellular Fluid- is mostly water to equalize osmotic pressure. Designed to be __________ with cells. hypotonic pumps Cell walls Plants, bacteria, fungi & some protists isotonic

35. -Hypotonic; -cell will undergo cytolysis or lyse (the cell will burst) -This is kills the animal cell -Hypertonic; -cell will crenate (the cell will shrivel up) -This causes cell to dehydrate and not function -isotonic; -preferred cell state -Hypertonic; -cell will undergo plasmolysis (cell membrane pulls away from cell wall) -isotonic; -Cell does not mind being in this state; neither beneficial or harmful to the cell -Hypotonic; -cells see increased turgor pressure -This is the preferred state for plant cells

36. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Requires energy in the form of ATP 3 types: Protein Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis

37. PROTEIN PUMPS Protein Pumps: 1. Protein Pumps – Energy-requiring process during which membrane proteins pump molecules across a membrane ____________________ from a ______ concentration to a ________concentration. concentration gradient low high

38. PROTEIN PUMPS An example is the sodium-potassium pump. Its purpose is to establish an _____________ gradient in cells by pumping __ sodium ions (__) out of the cell for every __ potassium ions (__) pumped into the cell. This slight ________ charge inside the cell relative to the outside is very important for ________________ and _________________. electrochemical 3 Na 2 K negative muscle contractions Nerve impulses

40. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS Endocytosis: “cell eating or sucking”. Larger substances are moved into the cell from the exterior by extending the cell membrane, forming a vesicle around the substance. Examples include macrophages, amoeba, etc. Exocytosis- “cell spitting ”. Export of molecules from the inside of the cell to the exterior of the cell by a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane. Mechanism used to release hormones from cells

41. ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS

43. Random movement of molecules in a liquid or gas A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

44. Requires energy in the form of ATP A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

45. cell sucking in or eating A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

46. Diffusion of specific molecules through a protein channel A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

47. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

48. Movement of molecules from high concentration to low, does NOT require energy A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

49. Movement of ions and molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump

50. Cell spitting out or pooping A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Endocytosis D.Exocytosis E.Facilitated Diffusion F.Osmosis G.Passive Transport H.Protein Pump