1. Ecosystems and Biomes Energy Flow in Ecosystems Cycles of Matter Biogeography Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems Table of Contents

2. Ecosystems and Biomes Energy Roles Recall that a self-sustaining ecosystem has four characteristics: 1. A constant source of energy (usually the sun) 2. Transfer of energy into organic compounds (usually through photosynthesis) 3. Interactions between biotic factors (predator/prey, mutualism, commensalism) 4. Cycling of materials (water cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle, nutrient cycle)

3. Ecosystems and Biomes Energy Roles In order for these four factors to be met, organisms within an ecosystem must fit into one of three roles: Producers Decomposers Consumers

4. Ecosystems and Biomes Producers Producers —organisms that make (produce) their own food. -Usually, producers use energy from the sun to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar. -This process is called photosynthesis. -Producers include: Plants Algae Cyanobacteria

5. Ecosystems and Biomes Consumers Consumers —organisms that get energy by feeding on other organisms. Three types: Herbivores —eat only plants Carnivores —eat only animals Omnivores —eat both plants and animals

6. Ecosystems and Biomes Consumers Click the Video button to watch a movie about consumers. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems

7. Ecosystems and Biomes Decomposers Decomposers —break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the ecosystem. Decomposers include mostly bacteria and fungi such as mushrooms.

8. Ecosystems and Biomes Food Chains and Food Webs To sustain any ecosystem, energy must be transferred through the many organisms that live in the ecosystem. The movement of energy through an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams known as food chains and food webs. Food chain —shows a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy. Food chains always start with a producer. Each organism that follows is known as a first, second, and third level consumers etc. Food chains show just one path of energy. C1 C2 C3

9. Ecosystems and Biomes Food Webs Food webs —show the many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem. In a food web, an organism can play more than one role. Can you find this food chain in the food web? Can you find an animal that is both a C2 and C3 consumer? Who is the only C5 consumer? Is there a C7?

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11. Food Chains and Food Webs The movement of energy though an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems

12. Ecosystems and Biomes Food chain/food web Flip chart

13. Ecosystems and Biomes Energy Pyramids Energy Pyramids show the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web. The most amount of energy is available at the producer level. The amount of energy decreases at each level.

14. Ecosystems and Biomes Only 10% of the energy available at one level is transferred to the next level. The other 90% is used by the organism or lost to the environment in the form of heat. Therefore, each level can support fewer and fewer organisms.

15. Ecosystems and Biomes Building Vocabulary A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems Key Terms:Examples: food chain consumer herbivore omnivore carnivore scavenger In a food chain, a consumer could be an herbivore, an omnivore, or a carnivore, including a scavenger. decomposerDecomposers are nature’s recyclers. Key Terms:Examples: energy pyramid food web producers An energy pyramid shows how much energy moves from one level to another in a food web, beginning with the producers.

16. Ecosystems and Biomes Links on Food Chains and Food Webs Click the SciLinks button for links on food chains and food webs. - Energy Flow in Ecosystems

17. Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Energy Flow in Ecosystems

18. Ecosystems and Biomes Cycles of Matter Remember that one of the four characteristics of a self- sustaining ecosystem is the cycling of matter. This happens through three main processes: The Water Cycle—the process by which water moves from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back. The Carbon/Oxygen Cycle—carbon dioxide and oxygen are recycled through processes that are linked together by producers and consumers. The Nitrogen Cycle—nitrogen cycles from the air, to the soil, into living things and back into the air.

19. Ecosystems and Biomes The Water Cycle - Cycles of Matter The processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the water cycle.

20. Ecosystems and Biomes Water Cycle Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the water cycle. - Cycles of Matter

21. Ecosystems and Biomes The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles In ecosystems, the processes by which carbon and oxygen are recycled are linked. Producers, consumers, and decomposers play roles in recycling carbon and oxygen. - Cycles of Matter What do you notice about the amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen in this diagram?

22. Ecosystems and Biomes The Nitrogen Cycle - Cycles of Matter In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air.

23. Ecosystems and Biomes Sequencing Sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows the water cycle. Write each event of the water cycle in a separate oval. The Water Cycle Water evaporates. Clouds form. Precipitation falls. Precipitation runs off or becomes groundwater. - Cycles of Matter

24. Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Cycles of Matter

25. Ecosystems and Biomes Biogeography Biogeography is the study of where organisms live. From the Greek words: Bio = life Geo = earth Graph = description Biogeographers also try to figure out why they live there and how they got there. One factor that affects how species are spread out on the Earth is Continental Drift —the movement of the continents on top of large continental plates of rock.

26. Ecosystems and Biomes Continental Drift 225 million years ago = all continents were joined together in one large land mass called Pangea. 180-200 million years ago = Pangea broke into two large land masses known as Laurasia and Gondwanaland 135 million years ago = Laurasia and Gondwanaland begin to break apart into the seven continents seen today. They continue to drift apart every year.

27. Ecosystems and Biomes Continental Drift One factor that has affected how species are distributed is the motion of Earth’s continents. - Biogeography

28. Ecosystems and Biomes Continental Drift Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about continental drift. - Biogeography

29. Ecosystems and Biomes Maps like this one (by Alfred Wegener, 1915) support the idea that the continents were once connected. They show how identical fossils of certain plants and animal that have been found on two sides of an ocean could have gotten there when the continents were joined.

30. Ecosystems and Biomes Dispersal Dispersal —the movement of organisms from one place to another. It is caused by: Wind —disperses light weight organisms such as seeds, spores, tiny insects or spiders Water —disperses organisms that float such as coconuts, leaves or animals floating on them Other living things —many things are carried by other living things to new places—either accidentally or intentionally

31. Ecosystems and Biomes Limits to Dispersal - Biogeography The typical weather pattern in an area over a long period of time is the area’s climate.

32. Ecosystems and Biomes Limits to Dispersal Three factors limit dispersal. Physical barriers —water, mountains and deserts can be hard to cross. Competition —if one species out-compete another, the other must move somewhere else to survive. Climate —only certain species can survive in certain climates. This limits where they can disperse to. Places with similar climates have species that occupy similar niches.

33. Ecosystems and Biomes Relating Cause and Effect As you read, identify three causes of dispersal. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Dispersal of species Wind Water Living things, including humans - Biogeography Causes Effect

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35. End of Section: Biogeography

36. Ecosystems and Biomes Biomes Biome —a group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. Biomes are determined by their climate: meaning their and precipitation amounts and temperature. There are six major biomes in the world. rainforestdeciduous forest desertboreal forest grasslandtundra

37. Ecosystems and Biomes Land Biomes and their Climates BiomeAve. Yearly RainfallAve. Yearly Temp. Rainforest 200-450 cm 25 o C to 28 o C. Deserts less than 25 cm 24 o C to 40 o C. Grasslands 25-75 cm 0 o C to 25 o C. Deciduous forest 75-125 cm 6 o C to 28 o C. Boreal forest 35-75 cm -10 o C to 14 o C. Tundra less than 25 cm-25 o C to 4 o C.

38. Ecosystems and Biomes Biome Map Grasslands Rainforest Deciduous Forest Boreal Forest Desert Tundra

39. Ecosystems and Biomes - Biomes Rain Forest Biomes: Two Types Tropical rain forests are wet, warm biomes located near the equator. They support more than ½ of all plant and animal species on the Earth.

40. Ecosystems and Biomes Tropical Rainforests Characteristics: Warm all year with at least 200 cm of rain/year Trees do not lose their leaves, creating a dense canopy that supports much of the animal life

41. Ecosystems and Biomes Rain Forest Biomes Temperate rain forests receive 300 cm of rain and have moderate temperatures. They are located in northeast U.S. Huge cedars, redwoods and firs grow there. - Biomes

42. Ecosystems and Biomes - Biomes Desert Biomes A desert is an area that receives less than 25 cm of rain per year. Not all deserts are hot. Some are hot in the day and cold at night (Sahara, Africa). Others are cold all the time (Gobi, Mongolia).

43. Ecosystems and Biomes - Biomes Grassland Biomes A grassland is an area that is populated mostly by grasses and other nonwoody plants. Grasslands close to the equator are called savannas. They have shrubs and trees along with grass. Most have fertile soil and grow good crops.

44. Ecosystems and Biomes Deciduous Forest Biomes Many of the trees in the deciduous forest are deciduous trees, which shed their leaves and grow new ones each year. A deciduous forest receives at least 50 cm of precipitation each year. Temperatures vary greatly through the year. - Biomes

45. Ecosystems and Biomes Deciduous Forests Click the Video button to watch a movie about deciduous forests. - Biomes

46. Ecosystems and Biomes Boreal Forest Biomes Most of the trees in the boreal forest are coniferous trees, trees that produce their seeds in cones and have leaves shaped like needles. Winters in the boreal forest are cold and very snowy, but summers are warm and rainy enough to melt all the snow. This biome is also know as the Taiga. - Biomes

47. Ecosystems and Biomes - Biomes Tundra The tundra is an extremely cold and dry biome. Most of the soil in the tundra is permafrost, which is frozen all year. Winters are long and cold with almost no daylight. Summers are short and cool with 24 hrs. of daylight.

48. Ecosystems and Biomes - Biomes Mountains and Ice Some areas of land are not part of any major biome. These areas include mountain ranges and land that is covered with thick sheets of ice.

49. Ecosystems and Biomes Earth’s Biomes Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about Earth’s biomes. - Biomes

50. Ecosystems and Biomes Biome Climates An ecologist collected climate data from two locations. The graph shows the monthly average temperatures in the two locations. The total yearly precipitation in Location A is 250 cm. In Location B, the total yearly precipitation is 14 cm. - Biomes

51. Ecosystems and Biomes Biome Climates Month is plotted on the horizontal axis; temperature is plotted on the vertical axis. Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? On the vertical axis? - Biomes

52. Ecosystems and Biomes Biome Climates Location A temperatures are steady; Location B temperatures fluctuate. Interpreting Data: Look over the graph. How would you describe the temperature over the course of a year in Location A? In Location B? - Biomes

53. Ecosystems and Biomes Biome Climates Location A: tropical rain forest Location B: desert Drawing Conclusions: Given the precipitation and temperature data for these locations, in which biome would you expect each to be located? Explain your answers. - Biomes

54. Ecosystems and Biomes Biome Climates Answers will vary but should reflect whether local climate is hot or cold, seasonal or steady. Predicting: What would you expect a temperature graph for your biome to look like? Draw a temperature graph for the biome in which you live. - Biomes

55. Ecosystems and Biomes Character- istic Comparing and Contrasting As you read, compare and contrast the different biomes by completing a table like the one below. Warm all year - Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Tundra Temperate Rain Forest Desert Grassland Deciduous Forest Boreal Forest Tempera- ture Precipit- ation Typical organisms Cold all year Cool winters, warm in summer Usually hot with great daily extremes Temps vary throughout the year Warm in summer, cold in winter Warm to cool in summer, cold in winter Wet all yearDry all year Rather wet all year Dry all year Mostly dry with a wet season Moderate rainfall Abundant rain and snow OrangutanMosses Mule deer Gamble’s quail Grasses Red fox Lynx

56. Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Biomes

57. Ecosystems and Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems Water covers 75% of Earth’s surface. There are two basic types of aquatic ecosystems: Freshwater Marine (saltwater)

58. Ecosystems and Biomes Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into two major groups: Running water ecosystems —streams and rivers. Still water ecosystems —lakes and ponds.

59. Ecosystems and Biomes The amount of dissolved oxygen determines what organisms live in these ecosystems. Fast-moving streams or rivers are usually cool and therefore have a lot of dissolved oxygen. Little plankton is available so dead leaves and insect larva are important sources of food. Fish such as trout are common. Running Water Ecosystems Fast-moving stream

60. Ecosystems and Biomes Running Water Ecosystems In slow-moving streams or rivers, plankton is the base of the food-chain. Catfish and bass are common. Slow-moving stream

61. Ecosystems and Biomes Still Water Ecosystems Lakes and ponds make-up the still-water biomes. Algae and plankton are abundant and support the other animal life.

62. Ecosystems and Biomes Marine Ecosystems The ocean is home to a number of different ecosystems. Factors such as water temperature and the amount of sunlight determine what types of organisms can live in each zone. - Aquatic Ecosystems

63. Ecosystems and Biomes Marine Ecosystems Intertidal zone --Area between high-tide line and low-tide line. Barnacles, sea stars, crabs, clams etc. - Aquatic Ecosystems Neritic Zone – Area extending to the end of the continental shelf. Large schools of fish, algae, coral reef habitats Open Ocean Zone— Surface receives most sunlight: tuna, whales, algae. Deep Zone —little light passes: giant squid, glow in the dark animals

64. Ecosystems and Biomes Outlining As you read, make an outline about the different types of aquatic ecosystems. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas. Aquatic Ecosystems I.Freshwater Ecosystems A.Streams and Rivers B.Ponds and Lakes II.Marine Ecosystems A.Intertidal Zone B.Neritic Zone C.Open Ocean - Aquatic Ecosystems

65. Ecosystems and Biomes Links on Aquatic Ecosystems Click the SciLinks button for links on aquatic ecosystems. - Aquatic Ecosystems

66. Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Aquatic Ecosystems

67. Ecosystems and Biomes Graphic Organizer Bacteria in root nodules fix free nitrogen into compounds. Decomposers break down wastes and remains of organisms. Bacteria release some free nitrogen back into the air. Free nitrogen is present in air. Consumers obtain nitrogen by eating plants. Nitrogen Cycle

68. Ecosystems and Biomes End of Section: Graphic Organizer