1. INVASIVE SPECIES Does it matter if a species moves into a new area or not?

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hkqw8dF _fWU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hkqw8dF _fWU

3. What is an invasive species? An invasive species is a plant, fungus, or animalspecies that is not native to a specific location (an introduced species), and which has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health.

4. INVASIVE SPECIES PROBLEMS World-wide problem World-wide problem Increase in travel and trade open routes Increase in travel and trade open routes In U.S. costs $137 billion dollars per year In U.S. costs $137 billion dollars per year Approximately 42% of Threatened or Endangered species are at risk due to non-native, invasive species. Approximately 42% of Threatened or Endangered species are at risk due to non-native, invasive species. Raise havoc in ecosystems and threaten species diversity Raise havoc in ecosystems and threaten species diversity

5. Intentional Release Intentional Release- Release of Target Species into the Environment Intentional Release- Release of Target Species into the Environment – Economic Purposes – nutria – Plants for Agriculture – Plants for Forestry – Plants for Soil Improvements - fire suppression, erosion control – Aesthetic reasons – honeysuckle, purple loosestrife – Ornamental Plants – Cultural Purposes – starlings, Asian Shore crabs – Birds and Mammals for Hunting – Misguided Environmental Projects – Kudzu, Multiflora rose – Biological Control – species intended as controls become invasive – Released Pets and Pet Trade – Naturalization societies – Shakespeare fans – plan to release all birds mentioned in works of Shakespeare – 12 birds released including European Starling – Domestic animals – Release of lab animals or plants – by science teachers and researchers

6. Accidental Release Accidental Releases - Release of Non-Target Species Ballast water in ships (Green crab, Zebra Mussel, Comb Jellyfish) Ballast water in ships (Green crab, Zebra Mussel, Comb Jellyfish) Canals – as St. Lawrence River & Great Lake system Canals – as St. Lawrence River & Great Lake system Timber – unprocessed wood Timber – unprocessed wood Accident release of organisms – gypsy moth, “Killer” African bees Accident release of organisms – gypsy moth, “Killer” African bees Contaminants of Seed Stock Contaminants of Seed Stock Fruit Shipments Fruit Shipments Transfer in packing material (European Green Crab to CA, Horned Asian Beetle) Transfer in packing material (European Green Crab to CA, Horned Asian Beetle) By-pass natural barriers By-pass natural barriers Cars and Planes Cars and Planes Tourists, Luggage Tourists, Luggage As Hitchhikers with Packing Material, Cargo As Hitchhikers with Packing Material, Cargo As Contaminants or Hitchhikers with Produce As Contaminants or Hitchhikers with Produce As Contaminants or Hitchhikers with Ornamental Plants As Contaminants or Hitchhikers with Ornamental Plants As Contaminants or Hitchhikers with Aquaculture As Contaminants or Hitchhikers with Aquaculture

7. Effects of Invasive Species on Ecosystems Direct competition with native species Direct competition with native species Lose of species diversity – may cause native species to become endangered Lose of species diversity – may cause native species to become endangered Short-circuit interactions in natural communities & disrupt natural food web Short-circuit interactions in natural communities & disrupt natural food web Affect entire ecosystem functions as water availability and nutrient cycle Affect entire ecosystem functions as water availability and nutrient cycle

8. ECONOMIC EFFECTS Billions of dollars in damage to forests, property values, agricultural productivity, public utility operations, native fisheries, tourism, outdoor recreation Billions of dollars in damage to forests, property values, agricultural productivity, public utility operations, native fisheries, tourism, outdoor recreation Billions of dollars in programs by federal and state agencies to control invasive species Billions of dollars in programs by federal and state agencies to control invasive species $137 billion in damages per year $137 billion in damages per year

9. Tracking the Aquatic Invasive Species

10. Invasive Species by State

11. Zebra Mussel Spread

12. Invasive Species Increase in Great Lakes

13. Characteristics of Invasive Species

14. European starling Monk Parakeet Birds Mute swan

15. First successful introduction was 60 European starlings released in Central Park, NY. in 1890, by fans of Shakespeare European Starling slippery sidewalks –competes with bluebirds, woodpeckers

16. The House Sparrow was introduced into Brooklyn, New York, in 1851. House Sparrow Competition from the House Sparrow for cavity nests can cause decline of some native species.

17. Insects Africanized Bees In 1956, African Honey Bees were imported into Brazil In 1957, 26 African queens escaped Reached US in 1990 More aggressive than European Honey Bees, have killed 1,000 people Impact honey and pollination industries

18. Insects Crop pests –boll weevil, corn borer Culex mosquitos –carry avian malaria and pox –driven 20 Hawaiian bird species extinct Adult boll weevil

19. Insects Asian Long-horned Beetle –attacks and kills many native trees Found in Chicago in 1998

20. Gypsy moth Introduced in 1860s Originally brought to the US for silk production now defoliates entire forests Insects

21. Reptiles and Amphibians Cane toad – native to Central and South America milky secretions are highly toxic. Kill dogs, cats and small native animals Introduced world-wide to control insects

22. Brown Tree Snake Reptiles and Amphibians Introduced to Guam via cargo transported by U.S. military ships during World War II On Guam wiped out 9 of 13 indigenous bird species

23. Mammals Goats and pigs –in Hawaii wiped out native plants Horses in Grand Canyon –causing erosion Game animals –“Texotics” “Texotics” Oryx Photo: Dr Mike Hill

24. Plants Kudzu kills other plants by smothering them under a solid blanket of leaves Introduced into the U.S. in 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition promoted as a forage crop and an ornamental plant until 1953

25. Plants Garlic mustard Buckthorn garlic mustard outcompetes native plants by monopolizing light, moisture, nutrients, soil and space. Not as good food for herbivores as many native species poses a severe threat to native plants and animals

26. Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) Found in Maryland in 2002 Giant snakehead (Channa micropeltes) found in Wisconsin in 2003 Fish

27. Laurentian Great Lakes www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/images/ great-lakes-ice-avhrr.gi Superior Michigan Huron Erie Ontario Mills et al. 1993 Over 140 exotic species Many fish species were (and continue to be) released intentionally Many other exotics have entered the lake accidentally: Escape from captivity Canals Bait buckets, live wells and gear Ballast water

28. Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Invaded the Great Lakes after the opening of the Welland Canal Devastated native fish stocks, especially lake trout

29. Other fish (>25 species) Alewife (1873) (Alosa pseudoharengus) Canals Coho salmon (1933) (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Deliberate release Round goby (1990) (Neogobius melanostomus) Ballast water Chinook salmon (1873) (Oncorhynchuys tshawytscha) Deliberate release

30. Exotic Crustaceans (>6 species) Bythotrephes cederstromi (1984) Ballast water Cercopagis pengoi (1998) Ballast water

31. Exotic mollusks (> 14 species) Asiatic clam (1980) (Corbicula fluminea) Aquarium release Quagga mussel (1990s) (Dreissena bugensis) Ballast water

32. ZEBRA MUSSEL — Dreissena polymorpha Found in 1988 in Lake St. Clair (Lake between Huron and Erie, just off of Detroit, MI). Likely came to North America in ballast water Up to 70,000 individuals per m 2

33. Also attaches to boat hulls, docks, locks, breakwaters and navigation aids, increasing maintenance costs and impeding waterborne transport. One of the most expensive exotic species Will biofoul and restrict the flow of water through intake pipes (drinking, cooling, processing and irrigating water)

34. They have a free-living planktonic larval stage— veliger Characteristics of zebra mussels: Can attach to hard surfaces Females can produce 40,000 veligers These are typical characteristic of marine species

35. Veligers are easily transported in bait buckets and livewells and anywhere else water collects Adults can attach to hulls and survive outside of water for several days. Cover most hard surfaces

36. Negative effects on native clams Zebra mussels cover them and prevent them from feeding and moving

37. Zebra Mussel Spread

38. Plants (> 59 species) Eurasian Watermilfoil (1881) Myriophyllum spicatum Purple Loosestrife (early 1800s) Lythrum salicaria