1. Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Resources GOALS  Compare/contrast nonrenewable energy resources  Calculate energy efficiency  Know various methods to generate electricity  Know trends in energy usage

3.  2 primary forms of non-renewable energy  Fossil Fuels  Nuclear

4.  ENERGY CONTENT  COST  AVAILABILITY  SAFETY  BY PRODUCTS PRODUCED  EXAMPLE-We do not use coal for Airplanes

8. 30% of energy usage in the United States if for transportation Note how Canada has the highest per capita usage of energy. Why is this? Use of oil industry Electricity consumption Quebec is a hydroelectric city 8m Pop. increase in other regions Why is Australia also high? grazing animals transportation use of coal for industry

9.  Commercial energy sources- bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas.  Subsistence energy sources- gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal and animal waste.  Each person in the U.S. uses 10,000 watts/day  How many kWh is this in a year/person?  10,000w/1,000kw X 365=3,650 kw  How many kw for year for the U.S.?  320 million people 3.2 X 10 8 X 10ks/p=3.2X10 12kw Energy Use

10.  Basic unit of energy Joule (1 cal=4.18 j)  MJ megajoule 1 million 1 x 10 6  GJ gigajoule 1 billion 1 X 10 9  EJ Exajoule 1 billion gigajoules, 1 x 10 18 joules  Quad U.S. only 1 quadrillion 1 x10 15  1 quad = 1.055 EJ  Watt is a unit of power = 1 joule/second  1 Kwh =3.6X10 6 joules  Mwt megawatt= 1,000 Kwt  Btu British thermal unit (U.S.) replaced with joule Amt. needed to raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree F  1 watt = 3.4 Btu/hr

11.  Most coal burning power plants are about 35% efficient. Energy Efficiency

12.  SubstanceJoules  1 ton of coal =2.7 X10 10  1 barrel of oil=6.3 X 10 9  1 ft 3 of gas=1.1 X10 6  1 gallon of gas=1.28 X 10 8  Note! Fuel energy is not the same value as the amount of energy generated by the fuel.  In other words, you will not get 2.7 X10 10 out of a ton of coal when you burn it for generating electricity.

13. When energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes. Figure 2.15

14.  EROEI = Energy Obtained from Fuel _______________________  Energy invested to obtain the fuel  Example  Obtain 100 joule of coal from mine, 5 J of energy is expended  EROEI= 100J/5J =20 J

15.  D.C. to Cleveland 600 km (370 m) calc. MJ  Air= 2.1 MJ/pass/km x 600 =1,260 MJ  Car 3.6 MJ/pass/km x 600 = 2,160 MJ  Train 1.1 MJ/pass/km x 600 = 660 MJ  Bus 1.7 MJ/pass/km x 600 = 1,020 MJ  Gallon gas = 120 MJ how many gal by car for the trip?  2,160MJ/120MJ =18 gallons  If you carpool with 3 people what is the energy expenditure /person?  Answer 2,160/4 =540 MJ

17. Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles By 2025 Pres. Obama wants it to be 54 mpg

18. Electricity GenerationGeneration

19.  1. The burning fuel from coal, natural gas or use of wind or water transfers energy to water, which becomes steam.  2. The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.  3. As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator.  4. Electricity is then transported along a connected network aka electrical grid.  Power plants are connected to each other  U.S. has 1700 Power plants gen. 3.9 b MWh Electricity Generation

20.  If a plant generates 500 MW x 24 hours =12,000 MWh  Most power plants have capacity factors of 0.9 or >  Most plants do not operate 24 hours a day, this # is the fraction they are operating.  if avg. home uses 900 kwh/month annual = 10,800 kwh  Electricity provided by plant is 12,000 x 30 days X 0.9= 324,000/mth  1 MWh = 1,000 kwh 324,000 x 1,000 kwh =324,000,000  324,000,000,/900 kwh (avg. home) = 360,000 homes with power

21.  natural gas emits 0.6-2 pounds of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt-hour (CO2/kWh)  coal emits 1.4 -3.6 pounds CO2/kWh  wind emits 0.02 to 0.04 pounds CO2/kWhwind  solar 0.07 to 0.2 solar  geothermal 0.1 to 0.2 geothermal  hydroelectric between 0.1 and 0.5 hydroelectric  Source Union of Concerned Scientist site.

22.  Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280-360 million years ago.  Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.  These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Peat moss is the precursor to these.  The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India. Coal

23.  There are 1,450 mines in the U.S.  Produce 1 billion metric tons in 2008  Metric ton = 1,000 kg, 1kg= 2.2 lbs.  So how many lbs of coal is 1 billion metric tons?  2.2 x 10 12

24. AdvantagesDisadvantages Energy-denseContains impurities PlentifulRelease impurities into air when burned Easy to exploit by surface miningTrace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal Technological demands are smallCombustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. Economic costs are lowAsh is left behind Easy to handle and transportCarbon is released into the atmosphere which contributes to climate change Needs little refining Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

25.  Remember they  Remove SO2

26.  Cogeneration- using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat.  Example- If steam is used for industrial purposes or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a turbine first.  This improves the efficiency to as high as 90%. Cogeneration

27. Process of Energy Use

28.  Plug item into it for a day will determine how many kw used in a day

29.  Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.  Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicles.  Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago.  Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.  Transported by pipeline Petroleum

30. Petroleum/Natural Gas Sources

31. AdvantagesDisadvantages Convenient to transport and useReleases carbon dioxide into atmosphere Relatively energy-densePossibility of leaks when extracted and transported Cleaner-burning than coal Only releases 85% of CO2 compared to coal Releases sulfur, mercury, lead, and arsenic into the atmosphere when burned Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

32.  Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum.  Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane.  2 nd largest use for Electricity generation, has 60% efficiency  The waste heat from burning the gas generates steam which can run a turbine.  However, CO2 is released when methane is burned.  Used to create nitrogen for fertilizer  LP liquid petroleum Natural Gas

33. AdvantagesDisadvantages Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal Exploration of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater 25% more efficient as absorbing infrared energy than CO2 Advantages and Disadvantages film clip of Aliso Canyon leakNatural GasDisadvantages

34.  Oil/tar sands- slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.  Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum migrates close to the surface, where bacteria metabolize some of the light hydrocarbons and others evaporate. Other Fossil Fuels AdvantagesDisadvantages Abundant in Canada, Saudi ArabiaMore energy intensive Cheaper than imported oilContaminants 2-3 L of ground water for every L obtained CO2 release is 3X’s greater than conventional oil Hydraulic Fracking for Natural GasCan contaminate ground water and produce waste water. May trigger mini earthquakes.

36.  Hubbert curve- shows the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil. Oil extraction and use increase steadily until half supply is left-peak oil, extraction then starts to decrease.  Some experts believe we have reached the peak The Hubbert Curve. 1969 predicted 80% would be used in 60 years.

37.  If current global use continues, we will run out of conventional oil in less than 40 years.  Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer. The Future of Fossil Fuel Use

38.  Fission- a nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts. Nuclear EnergyEnergy

39.  C14 CARBON’s half life is 5,730 YEARS  So after 5,730 years ½ is left,  2 half lives 11,460 years ¼ is left,  3 half lives 17,190 years 1/8 is left,  4 half lives 22,920 years 1/16 is left

40. Nuclear ReactorsReactors

41.  Fuel rods- the cylindrical tubes that house the nuclear fuel used in a nuclear power plant.  Nuclear power plants work by using heat from nuclear fission to heat water. This water produces the steam to turn the turbine, which turns a generator.  Control rods- cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons, thus slowing or stopping the fission reaction. Nuclear Reactors

42.  INSIDE THE REACTOR the METAL FUEL RODS CONTAIN URANIUM PELLETS that are BOMBARDED by NEUTRONS  THE REACTOR CORE ABSORBS the NEUTRONS to PREVENT an UNCONTROLLED REACTION

43.  WHEN the CONTROL RODS are COMPLETELY LOWERED between the FUEL RODS this STOPS the FISSION REACTION & SHUTS DOWN the REACTOR  RELEASED STEAM DRIVES A TURBINE TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY.

44. AdvantagesDisadvantages No air pollution is producedPossibility of accidents Countries can limit their need for imported oil $3000/Kwh GENERATED compared to $1000/KW WIND, $600/KW gas Disposal of the radioactive waste Expensive to build. Last one in the U.S. was 16 years ago Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

45.  Radioactive waste- once the nuclear fuel can not produce enough heat to be used in a power plant but it continues to emit radioactivity.  This waste must be stored in special, highly secure locations because of the danger to living organisms.  High-level radioactive waste- the form used in fuel rods.  Low-level radioactive waste- the protective clothing, tools, rags, and other items used in routine plant maintenance. Radioactive WasteWaste

46.  THREE MILE ISLAND, PA 1979  FEEDWATER PUMPS STOPPED WORKING, PREVENTED STEAM GENERATORS FROM REMOVING HEAT  CAUSED REACTOR CORE TO OVERHEAT, THE WALLS DID NOT BREAK DOWN THOUGH  ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF RADIATION LEAKED OUT

48.  Nuclear fusion- the reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. This occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei and heat is released.  Fusion is a promising, unlimited source of energy in the future, but so far scientists have had difficulty cotaining the heat that is produced. Fusion