2. Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders Psychoanalytic Theory – Freud’s theory of personality

3. Freudian Psychoanalysis Assumption: powerful inner forces shape personality and motivate behavior The core of personality is within a person’s mind All behavior is motivated

4. Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory attempts to explain: 1.Origins & course of personality development 2.Nature of mind 3.Aspects of abnormal personality 4.Ways personality can be changed by therapy

5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness

6. Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic personality theories – Personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces Freudian psychoanalysis – conflict between: Sex and Aggression Anxiety Defense Mechanisms

7. Figure 12.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics

8. Psychic Determinism – Mental and behavioral reactions are determined by previous experiences – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas desires or conflicts Levels of Awareness – Stores repressed urges and primitive impulses – Conscious, Unconscious, Preconscious

9. Manifest vs. Latent Content Manifest Content – What one says, does, & perceives – Indicates awareness Latent Content – Neurotic symptoms, dreams, slips of the tongue/pen at the unconscious level of information processing

10. Drives and Psychosexual Development: Postulated a common biological basis for behavioral patterns observed in his patients; Freud ascribed motivational source to psychic energy within each individual Individuals presumed to have inborn instincts or drives that were tension systems

11. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos

12. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative

13. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people to experience sensual pleasure

14. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Drives and instincts Eros Libido Thanatos Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors

15. Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Genital Stage Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life

16. Freud on Development: Psychosexual Stages Sexual = physical pleasure Overemphasis on psychosexual needs during fixated stage

17. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage Oedipus Complex – a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers

18. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent Penis Envy– The female desire to have a penis– a condition that usually results in their attraction to males

19. Id Superego Ego Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure

20. Id Superego Ego Primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Pleasure Principle

21. Id Superego Ego Mind’s storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Ego Ideal

22. Id Superego Ego Conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality structure Reality Principle Self-Preservation Activities

23. Freud’s Model of the Mind

24. Figure 12.2 Freud’s model of personality structure

25. Repression and Ego Defense Repression: – The psychological process that protects the individual from experiencing extreme anxiety or guilt about impulses, ideas, or memories that are unacceptable/dangerous to express What are ego defense mechanisms? Mental strategies used by the ego to defend itself in the daily conflict between id impulses that seek expression and the superego’s demand to deny them

26. Repression and Ego Defense How is anxiety related to defense mechanisms? Triggered when repressed conflict is about to emerge into consciousness

27. Table 12.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples

28. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Projective Tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection Rorschach inkblot technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

29. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Personal Unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id Collective Unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people

30. Figure 12.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious

31. Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious

32. Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious The male archetype The female archetype

33. Archetypes Animus Anima Shadow Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves

34. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert Extraversion – The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others

35. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious Jung’s principle of opposites portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion

36. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology Basic Anxiety – An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment Neurotic Needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme

37. Alfred Adler: An Early Split from Psychoanalysis Inferiority Complex – A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with it roots in childhood Compensation – Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies Birth Order

38. Evaluation of Freudian Theories Conceptually vague Good history, but bad science Developmental theory – never studied children Minimizes traumatic experiences Male-as-normal Model

39. Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives Pros – The unconscious – The role of internal conflict – The importance of early childhood experiences Cons – Poor testability – Inadequate empirical base – Sexist views

40. Modifications and Improvements: Ongoing research reveals much of daily experience is shaped by processes outside of awareness Freud’s theory is the most complex, compelling, and comprehensive view of both normal and abnormal personality functioning, even when its predictions are wrong

41. Changes to the Theory: 1.More emphasis on ego functions 2.Social variables viewed as playing a more significant role in the shaping of personality 3.Less emphasis on importance of libidinal energy 4.Extension of personality development beyond childhood, including entire life span