1. The Time Value of Money 6 CHAPTER 5 Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman The time value of money is the return required to induce a saver to defer current consumption with the expectation of increased future wealth. The time value of money embodies the first fundamental tenant of finance: A dollar today is worth more than a dollar to be received in the future.

2. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 2 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Future vs. Present Value Figure 5.2

3. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 3 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money A Graphic View of Future Value Figure 5.5

4. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 4 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money A Graphic View of Present Value Figure 5.6

5. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 5 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Four Basic Models FV n = PV 0 (1+k) n = PV(FVIF k,n ) PV 0 = FV n [1/(1+k) n ] = FV(PVIF k,n ) FVA n = A (1+k) n - 1 = A(FVIFA k,n ) k PVA 0 = A 1 - [1/(1+k) n ] = A(PVIFA k,n ) k

6. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 6 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Time Value Terms PV 0 = present value or beginning amount k = interest rate FV n = future value at end of “n” periods n = number of compounding periods A = an annuity (series of equal payments or receipts)

7. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 7 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Example: Place $1000 into a savings account for 5 years at 10% compounded annually. What will be the future value of the account upon withdrawal in 5 years? FV = PV(1 + i/k) nk 0 1 2 3 4 5 |---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------| $1,000 ?

8. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 8 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Using the Calculator 1. Set up the TVM template [N] = [I/Y]= [PV]= [PMT]= [FV]= 2. Make sure your calculator is set to the financial mode for time value of money calculations. 3. Make sure calculator is set to 1 payment per year [P/Y].

9. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 9 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money 4. To obtain [N], multiply the # of years (n) quoted in the problem by the # of payments per year or compounding periods per year (k). 5. To enter [I/Y], divide the interest rate by the # of payments per year (k). 6.To enter [PMT], enter the amount of the payment. If there is no payment, enter a 0. 7. To enter [PV] or [FV], enter the amount and press the key.

10. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 10 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money 8. To solve for the missing variable a.TI-BApress[CPT] & [?] b. HPpress[?]

11. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 11 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money As the Number of Compounding Periods Increases, the Future Balance Increases FV of $2000 10 years from now at a rate of 6% Annual Compunding = $3,581.69 Semi-Annual Compounding = $3,612.22

12. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 12 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money FIGURE 6.1 Effect of Different Compounding Frequencies on Future Value

13. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 13 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Present Value What an amount of money to be received in the future is worth today discounted at a certain rate of interest. A. Discounting The process of deducting or taking out interest income or the expected increase in an investments value over time to determine the current (present) value of an asset The reverse of compunding B. The discount rate The rate that you expect to receive on similar investments of comparable risk.

14. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 14 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Example : Your new company will reimburse your total education costs of $10,000 after you have been with the firm for 5 years. If your discount rate is 8% compounded monthly (probably the rate you are paying on your student loans), what is the present value of the $10,000 reimbursement? 0 1 2 3 4 5 |---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------| ? $10,000 Using the calculator [N] = [I/Y]= [PV]= [PMT]= [FV]=

15. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 15 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Comparing Interest Rates A. Annual Percentage Rate (APR) 1. the periodic rate times the number of compounding periods 2. rate stated by banks in advertising B. Effective (equivalent) Annual Rate (EAR) The annual rate which provides the same return on money compounded at some periodic rate k times a year. 1. The "true" rate 2. used to compare rates when compounding periods differ 3. EAR = (1 + i/k) k - 1

16. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 16 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Example: You place $5,000 into a CD for 3 years paying a nominal rate of 8% compounded quarterly. What is the effective annual rate for this CD? In other words, at what annual compounding rate would you have the same amount of money? EAR = (1 + i/k) k - 1

17. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 17 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Checking your answer Obtain the terminal value of the CD at the 8% with quarterly compounding and at the EAR using annual compounding Quarterly compoundingAnnual compounding [N] =[N] = [I/Y]=[I/Y]= [PV]=[PV]= [PMT]=[PMT]= [FV]=[FV]=

18. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 18 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Compounding Effective Interval Equation6.3 Rate Annual FV = (1.12) 1 – 1 12.00% SemiannualFV = (1.06) 2 – 1 12.36 Quarterly FV = (1.03) 4 – 1 12.55 MonthlyFV = (1.01) 12 – 1 12.68 WeeklyFV = (1.0023) 52 – 1 12.73 DailyFV = (1.0003288) 365 – 1 12.7475 Continuously FV = e.12 – 1 12.7596 Table 2.2Effective Interest Rates with 12% Annual Rate

19. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 19 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Annuities  Annuities are equally-spaced cash flows of equal size.  Annuities can be either inflows or outflows.  An ordinary (deferred) annuity has cash flows that occur at the end of each period.  An annuity due has cash flows that occur at the beginning of each period.  An annuity due will always be greater than an otherwise equivalent ordinary annuity because interest will compound for an additional period.

20. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 20 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Annuities Table 5.1

21. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 21 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money What is the PV of the following cash flow stream? 100 100 100 |------ |----- - | 0 1 2 3 4 5 10% Example: Deferred Annuities

22. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 22 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Amortized Loans Characteristics 1. Repay the loan in equal payments for each period over the life of the loan. 2. Each payment includes both principal and interest.

23. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 23 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Loan Amortization Table 5.7

24. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 24 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Example: You buy a car for $10,000 and finance it for 5 years at 10% APR with payments at the end of each month. What is the amount of each payment if you fully amortize the loan? [N] = [I/Y]= [PV]= [PMT]= [FV]=

25. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 25 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money The Amortization Schedule 1.Repayment schedule of amortized loan 2.Breaks payments into interest and principal components 3.As the loan is paid off the proportion of interest being paid declines and the proportion of principal being paid off increases

26. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 26 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Example: Given the above car loan, provide an amortization schedule for the first year. MonthBeginningPaymentInterest Principal Balance Per Payment Per Payment Jan$10,000 $212.47 $83.33 $129.14 Feb$ 9,871 $212.47 $82.26 $130.21 Mar $ 9,741_______ _______ ________ Apr______________ _______ ________ May ______________ _______ ________ Jun______________ _______ ________ Jul______________ _______ ________ Aug______________ _______ ________ Sep______________ _______ ________ Oct______________ _______ ________ Nov______________ _______ ________ Dec______________ _______ ________

27. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 27 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money Example: You bought stock for $15.00 per share 5 years ago. It is currently selling for $45.00 per share. What is the compounded average growth rate? FV = PV (1 + g) N

28. Copyright © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman 28 Chapter 6: The Time Value of Money FV = PV (1 + g) N Using a calculator [N] = [I/Y]= [PV]= [PMT]= [FV]=