1. Eisenhower and the Cold War Chapter 27 Section 4 Notes 6.0

2. Objective… Trace the continuing events and policies of the Cold war through the Eisenhower administration…

3. What were Eisenhower’s views on the Cold War? Experience working with the Soviets Viewed cold war stalemate as a permanent state between US and USSR Relied more on CIA and nuclear weapons

4. Fostered growth of military- industrial complex Warned against dangers of growing military spending

5. What was the “New Look” ? Reduce military spending by relying on atomic and air superiority Reduce spending on conventional forces

6. “get more bang for the buck” – Sec. of Defense Wilson Increased reliance on nuclear weapons and delivery systems Stabilized military spending

7. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles – policy of Brinksmanship

8. What is the policy of brinksmanship? Willingness to go to the edge of an all out war Policy of John Foster Dulles - Secretary of State for Eisenhower –Anti-communist –Cold war – a moral crusade –Favored a “rollback” of communism as opposed to containment

9. How did Eisenhower view the “New Look”? Cautious Realized that reliance on nuclear weapons could lead to a full-scale war East Berlin – 1953 – rebellion –U.S. did nothing to stop the Soviets from crushing the rebellion

10. What happened in Hungary in 1956? Revolt against Soviet domination Called for a democratic government and Soviet troops to leave S.U. sent tanks to put down uprising –30,000 Hungarians killed –200,000 fled to the west U.S. did nothing – Hungarians disappointed… U.N. condemned but took no action…

11. Budapest in 1956

12. Who was Nikita Khrushchev? Stalin’s successor Denounced Stalin Believed in the triumph of communism Believed in peaceful coexistence – compete economically and scientifically

13. What was the “spirit of Geneva”? 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders Proposed “open skies” – flights over each others territory Soviets rejected Dialogue considered a step toward peace

14. Thawing of the Cold War? S.U. withdrew troops from Austria in 1958 S. U. suspended nuclear testing Khrushchev made a 12 day trip to U.S. in 1959 1960 – Khrushchev called for a summit meeting in France to discuss German reunification Eisenhower was invited to the S.U.

15. Ike and Khrushchev during his visit to Camp David

16. What ended the thaw? May 1, 1960 – a U-2 spy plane piloted by Frances Gary Powers was shot down over the S.U. Eisenhower denied we were spying Confronted with evidence Khrushchev demanded flights cease and an apology We stopped flights – no apology

18. How did the U-2 affect our relationship with the Soviet Union? Khrushchev called off the summit conference and withdrew the invitation to Eisenhower to visit the S. U. Renewed tension between the S.U. and the U.S.

19. How did the U.S. respond to Sputnik? Shocked – concerned we were lagging technologically behind Fear – Am. began building bomb shelters Passed the National Defense Education Act of 1958 Increased the military budget by $8 billion Accelerated the arms race

20. What is covert action? CIA activities Cheap, quick, and quiet way to depose hostile regimes Destabilize third world governments we thought were too radical (intervening in elections) Allen Dulles – head of CIA Collect and analyze information

21. What were the U.S. actions in Iran? 1951 Mohammed Mossadegh - Prime Minister of Iran nationalized oil fields British stopped buying Iranian oil U.S. feared Iran would go to S.U. for help CIA gave money to supporters of the Shah of Iran Shah came back to power and turned oil back to western interests

22. Mossadegh was tried as a traitor by a military tribunal

23. The Shah of Iran resumes control with U.S. aid

25. Trouble in the Suez? Soviet Union was gaining influence in Egypt Nasser of Egypt seized the Suez Canal from Great Britain and France Closed access to Israel G.B., France, and Israel attacked and seized the Mediterranean end U.N. intervened – G.B., France, and Israel withdrew

26. Nasser

27. How did the U.S. respond to the Suez crisis? Eisenhower angry with allies – nearly provoked a war with the Soviet Union U.S. concerned about increased prestige of S.U. in Middle East Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

28. What covert actions did the U.S. take in Latin America? Guatemala – 1954 Eisenhower thought the government Jacobo Arbenz Guzman had communist sympathies Guzman pursued land reform (threatening the United Fruit Co.) and encouraged labor unions

29. Guatemala… CIA trained an army – invaded Guatemala Guatemalan army would not defend the president – he resigned Leader of the army- Carlos Castillo Armas -trained by the CIA became the dictator

30. Consequences of CIA intervention in Guatemala? Widespread terror, unions outlawed, thousands arrested Castillo Armas assassinated in 1957 – civil war followed Suspicion and distrust in Latin America toward U.S. Strong anti-American backlash – Nixon stoned in Venezuela

31. Rebel Army funded by the CIA

32. Mob attacking Nixon in Caracas

33. How the U.S. become involved in Vietnam? Vietnam – part of French colony of Indochina During WWII – French Indochina was occupied by the Japanese Ho Chi Minh – member of the Indochinese Communist Party had opposed French rule Ho Chi Minh formed the Vietminh – to rid Vietnam of foreign rule

34. Vietnam … 1945 Japan was defeated Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam an independent country France wanted her former colonies back U.S. gave massive military and economic aid to France to restore her former colony Battle of Dien Bien Phu – 1954 France lost

35. Ho Chi Minh – Communist revolutionary or nationalist freedom fighter?

36. What is the Domino Theory? The loss of one country to communism would lead to the loss of others Eisenhower feared the loss of Vietnam would lead to the loss of Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand

37. What was decided at the Geneva Conference? Cease –fire Temporary division line along the 17 th parallel dividing North and South Vietnam Communists in the North and a government acceptable to the U.S. in the South Elections in 1957 – and reunification U.S. refused to sign the accord

38. Ho Chi Minh in the North Diem in the South

39. The government of South Vietnam? Ngo Dinh Diem –Former Japanese collaborator –Catholic – country 90% Buddhist –Corrupt and repressive government U.S. economic and military aid – CIA covert activity 1956 – refused to hold election – knew Diem would lose 1959 – civil war in South Vietnam 1963 assassinated in CIA supported coup

41. Beginnings of a peace movement? “New Look” not logical – threatened the entire planet Radioactive fallout – move toward ending nuclear testing In Europe “Ban the Bomb” In the US, the National Committee for the Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE)

42. What was Ike’s warning upon leaving the presidency? Doubts about the arms race Farewell Address – 1961 – warned against “the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power by the military-industrial complex”

43. A U.S. Air Force F-22 Raptor over the Atlantic Ocean. Each plane costs approximately $420 million Read more: http://nation.time.com/2012/09/25/comparing-defense- budgets-apples-to-apples/#ixzz2PyDvVXJNEach plane costs approximately $420 millionhttp://nation.time.com/2012/09/25/comparing-defense- budgets-apples-to-apples/#ixzz2PyDvVXJN