1. PAGE 1 WWW.NICKJORDAN.CA HORTON HIGH SCHOOL 2014 GLOBAL HISTORY 12 Unit 2 – Outcome 2.3 The Cold War Proxy Wars

2. PAGE 2 The Truman Doctrine Helping to rebuild Sir Winston 1948 This doctrine, first used in Greece and Turkey in the late 1940s, vowed to provide aid (money & military supplies) to support “free peoples who are resisting outside pressures” Churchill Stop Communism Containment Buying Friends Loyalty $$ Truman Doctrine In a 1946 speech, Churchill said, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent” - the division of Europe The American policy of “containment” soon expanded into a policy known as the Truman Doctrine” By 1950, the U.S. had given $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey

3. PAGE 3 The Cold War Heats Up! GLOBAL HISTORY 12 For two decades, Chinese communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid during WWII However, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was strong, especially among Chinese peasants CHINA – QUELLING A REVOLUTION

4. PAGE 4 Chinese Civil War After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) Mao established the People’s Republic of China BATTLE FOR RED CHINA MAO Kai-Shek

5. PAGE 5 YOU OWE US The American public was shocked that China had fallen to the Communists Many believed containment had failed and communism was expanding American fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing REPARATIONS

6. PAGE 6 Proxy Wars Definition Wars between opposing superpowers where they use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly

7. PAGE 7 The Korean War On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38 th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea With only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to save South Korea Instead, America sent troops, planes and ships to South Korea The North Attacks the South June 1950 – July 1953

8. PAGE 8 MacArthur AMERICAN PUSH BACK At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable However, General MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troops Many North Koreans surrendered; others retreated across the 38 th parallel

9. PAGE 9 Korean War Just as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans The fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America CHINA JOINS THE WAR

10. PAGE 10 KOREAN WAR

11. PAGE 11 Korean War To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities President Truman rejected the General’s requests Let’s Attack China!

12. PAGE 12 Korean War MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back – Truman was furious with his general On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthur Americans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general MacArthur vs Truman

13. PAGE 13 Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro Takes Over Cuba U.S.-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista 1959 coup – led my Fidel Castro – -Strong nationalist views -Didn’t like the United States’ political and corporate influence in Cuba Castro establishes ties with the Soviet Union and develops Marxist Policy. Eisenhower views Cuba as a threat to democracy in the Western Hemisphere -Authorizes the CIA to train and arm Cuban exiles to secretly overthrow Castro Kennedy continues this when he takes over the presidency

14. PAGE 14 Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Exiles Invade Cuba 1400 Cuban exiles were being trained by the CIA in Nicaragua Less than 3 months into his presidency, Kennedy ordered the invasion of Cuba - U.S. believed an invasion would start a popular uprising against Castro April 17, 1961 the troops land at the Bay of Pigs - Fighting lasts for only 3 days - No popular uprising - Castro’s army surrounds the invaders Military and political disaster Weakens the prestige of Kennedy and strengthens Castro worldwide Nikita Khrushchev comes across as the defender of Latin America against U.S. imperialism

15. PAGE 15 Cuban Missile Crisis U.S. Spy Plane Detects Soviet Missiles in Cuba October 14, 1962 U.S. spy planes photograph missile bases being built in Cuba - Soviet Union was supplying Cuba w/missiles - Medium-range to intermediate-range missiles capable of reaching as far north as Pittsburgh and Detroit, and as far west as Denver Obvious threat to the Monroe Doctrine U.S. doesn’t want the Soviets this close What should Kennedy do?

16. PAGE 16 Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy Orders a Naval Blockade Kennedy orders a naval blockade to stop the Soviet Union from delivering any more missiles and calls for the dismantling of all missiles in Cuba - Calls it a “quarantine” because a blockade is considered an act of war - This means the U.S. will only stop military ships heading to the island, not normal supply ships By October 25 the missile sites were still actively being worked on, and more Soviet ships were on the way Stalemate—nuclear war looks imminent

17. PAGE 17 Cuban Missile Crisis Cooler Heads Prevail October 27- CIA reports that all missiles in Cuba were up and ready for action October 27- U.S. informs NATO allies to be ready for military action any second October 28- last second agreement is reached between Kennedy and Khrushchev - The Soviets will remove all missiles from Cuba and to stop sending ships with more missiles - The U.S. guarantees not to invade Cuba or support any group who does - Secretly- the U.S. will remove missiles from sites in southern Italy and Turkey

18. Vietnam had been a colony of France – Known as French Indo- China Communists began to fight for independence from France after WWII – Led by Ho Chi Minh

19. Communist forces defeated French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1953 – French forces surrender to Ho Chi Minh

20. 1954 Peace conference in Geneva divides Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam

21. Communist North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh Supported by Soviets South Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem Anti communist government Supported by United States and France Promised free elections

22. Communist Viet Cong in the South began attacking South Vietnamese government – Were supported by Ho Chi Minh and N. Vietnam – Used guerrilla tactics

23. United States began sending troops and money to help South Vietnam resist communist Viet Cong and North Vietnam – Domino theory and containment policy – 500,000 U.S. troops by 1968

24. American forces were unable to defeat communist forces in Vietnam – Communist use of guerrilla tactics to fight superior force – South Vietnamese government was unpopular – Lack of support for the war by American public – U.S. bombing of rural agricultural areas increased peasant support for communists

25. President Richard Nixon ordered cease fire and began pulling troops out of Vietnam in 1973 – Vietnamization policy turned fighting over to South Vietnamese troops

26. North Vietnamese captured South Vietnamese capital of Saigon in 1975 – Reunited Vietnam under communist rule