1. Configuring Your First Hadoop Cluster On Amazon EC2 Benjamin Wootton www.benjaminwootton.co.uk

2. What Is This Document? A high level tutorial for setting up a small 3 node Hadoop cluster on Amazons EC2 cloud; It aims to be a complete, simple, and fast guide for people new to Hadoop. Documentation on the Internet is spotty and text dense so it can be slower to get started than it needs to be; It aims to cover the little stumbling blocks around SSH keys and a few small bug workarounds that can trip you up on the first pass through; It does not aim to cover MapReduce and writing jobs. A small job will be provided at the end to validate the cluster.

3. Recap - What Is Hadoop? An open source framework for ‘reliable, scalable, distributed computing’; It gives you the ability process and work with large datasets that are distributed across clusters of commodity hardware; It allows you to parallelize computation and ‘move processing to the data’ using the MapReduce framework.

4. Recap - What Is Amazon EC2? A ‘cloud’ web host that allows you to dynamically add and remove compute server resources as you need them, allowing you to pay for only the capacity that you need; It is well suited for Hadoop Computation – we can bring up enormous clusters within minutes and then spin it down when we’ve finished to reduce costs; EC2 is quick and cost effective for experimental and learning purposes, as well as being proven as a production Hadoop host.

5. Assumptions & Notes The document assumes basic familiarity with Linux, Java, and SSH; The cluster will be set up manually to demonstrate concepts of Hadoop. In real life, we would typically use a configuration management tool such as Puppet or Chef to manage and automate larger clusters; The configuration shown is not production ready. Real Hadoop clusters need much more bootstrap configuration and security; It assumes that you are running your cluster on Ubuntu Linux, but are accessing the cluster from a Windows host. This is possibly not a sensible assumption, but it’s what I had at the time of writing!

6. EC2 CONFIGURATION Part 1

7. 1. Start EC2 Servers Sign up to Amazon Web Services @ http://aws.amazon.com/;http://aws.amazon.com/ Login and navigate to Amazon EC2. Using the ‘classic wizard’, create three micro instances running the latest 64 bit Ubuntu Server; If you do not already have a key pair.pem file, you will need to create one during the process. We will later use this to connect to the servers and to navigate around within the cluster., so keep it in a safe place.

8. 2. Name EC2 Servers For reference, name the instances Master, Slave 1, and Slave 2 within the EC2 console once they are running; Note down the host names for each of the 3 instances in the bottom part of the management console. We will use these to access the servers:

9. 3. Prepare Keys from PEM file We need to break down the Amazon supplied.pem file into private and public keys in order to access the servers from our local machine; To do this, download PuttyGen @ http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html Using PuttyGen, import your PEM file (Conversions > Import Key) and export public and private keys into a safe place.

10. 4. Configure Putty We now need to SSH into our EC2 servers from our local machine. To do this, we will use the Putty SSH client for Windows; Begin by configuring Putty sessions for each of the three servers and saving them for future convenience; Under connection > SSH > Auth in the putty tree, point towards the private key that you generated in the previous step.

11. 5. Optional - mRemote I use a tool called mRemote which allows you to embed Putty instances into a tabbed browser. Try it @ http://www.mremote.org. I recommend this as navigating around all of the hosts in your Hadoop cluster can be fiddly for larger manually managed clusters;http://www.mremote.org If you do this, be sure to select the corresponding Putty Session for each mRemote connection to the private key is carried through so that you can connect:

12. 6. Install Java & Hadoop We need to install Java on the cluster machines in order to run Hadoop. The OpenJDK7 will suffice for this tutorial. Connect to all three machines using Putty or mRemote, and on each of the three machines run the following: sudo apt-get install openjdk-7-jdk When that’s complete, configure the JAVA_HOME variable by adding the following line at the top of ~/.bashrc: export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-amd64/ We can now download and unpack Hadoop. On each of the three machines run the following: cd ~ wget http://apache.mirror.rbftpnetworks.com/hadoop/common/hadoop- 1.0.3/hadoop-1.0.3-bin.tar.gzhttp://apache.mirror.rbftpnetworks.com/hadoop/common/hadoop- gzip –d hadoop-1.0.3-bin.tar.gz tar –xf hadoop-1.0.3-bin.tar

13. 7. Configure SSH Keypairs Hadoop needs to SSH from master to the slave servers to start and stop processes. All of the Amazon servers will have our generated public key installed on them in their ~ubuntu/.ssh/authorized_keys file automatically by Amazon. However, we need to put the corresponding private key in our ~ubuntu/.ssh/id_rsa file on the master server to be able to go there. To upload the file, use the file transfer software WinSCP @ http://winscp.net to push the file into your.ssh folder. http://winscp.net Be sure to upload your OpenSSH private key generated from PuttyGen – (Conversions > Export Open SSH Key)!

14. 8. Passwordless SSH It is better if Hadoop can move between boxes without requiring the pass phrase to your key file; To do this, we can save the password into the ssh agent by using the following commands on the master server. This will avoid the need for specifying the password repeatedly when stopping and starting the cluster: ◦ ssh-agent bash ◦ ssh-add

15. 9. Open Firewall Ports We need to open a number of ports to allow the Hadoop cluster to communicate and expose various web interfaces to us. Do this by adding inbound rules to the default security group on the AWS EC2 management console. Open port 9000, 9001 and 50000- 50100

16. HADOOP CONFIGURATION Part 2

17. 1. Decide On Cluster Layout There are four components of Hadoop which we would like to spread out across the cluster: ◦ Data nodes – actually store and manage data; ◦ Naming node – acts as a catalogue service, showing what data is stored where; ◦ Job tracker – tracks and manages submitted MapReduce tasks; ◦ Task tracker – low level worker that is issued jobs from job tracker. Lets go with the following setup. This is fairly typical in terms of data nodes and task trackers across the cluster, and one instance of the naming node and job tracker: NodeHostnameComponent Masterec2-23-22-133-70Naming Node Job Tracker Slave 1ec2-23-20-53-36Data Node Task Tracker Slave 2ec2-184-73-42-163Data Node Task Tracker

18. 2a. Configure Server Names Logout of all of the machines and log back into the master server; The hadoop configuration will be located here on the server: cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf Open the file ‘masters’ and replace the word ‘localhost’ with the hostname of the server that you have allocated to master: cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf vi masters Open the file ‘slaves’ and replace the word ‘localhost’ with the 2 hostnames of the server that you have been allocated on 2 separate lines: cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf vi slaves

19. 2b. Configure Server Names It should look like this, though of course using your own allocated hostnames: Do not use ‘localhost’ in the masters/slaves files as this can lead to non descriptive errors!

20. 3a. Configure HDFS HDFS is the distributed file system that sits behind Hadoop instances, syncing data so that it’s close to the processing and providing redundancy. We should therefore set this up first; We need to specify some mandatory parameters to get HDFS up and running in various XML configuration files; Still on the master server, the first thing we need to do is to set the name of the default file system so that it always points back at master, again using your own fully qualified hostname: /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf/core-site.xml fs.default.name hdfs://ec2-107-20-118-109.compute-1.amazonaws.com:9000

21. 3b. Configure HDFS Still on the master server, we also need to set the dfs.replication parameter, which says how many nodes data should be replicated to for failover and redundancy purposes: /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf/hdfs-site.xml dfs.replication 1

22. 4. Configure MapReduce As well as the underlying HDFS file system, we have to set one mandatory parameter that will be used by the Hadoop MapReduce framework; Still on the master server, we need to set the job tracker location, which Hadoop will use. As discussed earlier, we will put the job tracker on master in this instance, again being careful to substitute in your own master server host name: /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf/mapred-site.xml mapred.job.tracker ec2-107-22-78-136.compute-1.amazonaws.com:54311

23. 5a. Push Configuration To Slaves We need to push out the little mandatory configuration that we have done onto all of the slaves. Typically, this could be mounted on a shared drive but we will do it manually this time using SCP: cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/conf scp * ubuntu@ec2-23-20-53-36.compute-1.amazonaws.com:/home/ubuntu/hadoop- 1.0.3/confubuntu@ec2-23-20-53-36.compute-1.amazonaws.com:/home/ubuntu/hadoop- 1.0.3/conf scp * ubuntu@ec2-184-73-42-163.compute-1.amazonaws.com:/home/ubuntu/hadoop- 1.0.3/conf By virtue of pushing out the masters and slaves files, the various nodes in this cluster should all be correctly congfigured and referencing each other at this stage.

24. 6a. Format HDFS Before we can start Hadoop, we need to format and initialise the underlying distributed file system; To do this, on the master server, execute the following command: cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/bin./hadoop namenode -format It should only take a minute. The expected output of the format operation is on the next page; The file system will be built and formatted. It will exist in /tmp/hadoop-ubuntu if you would like to browse around. This file system will be managed by Hadoop to distribute it across nodes and access data.

25. 6b. Format HDFS

26. START HADOOP Part 3

27. 1a. Start HDFS We will begin by starting the HDFS file system from the master server. There is a script for this which will run the name node on the master and the data nodes on the slaves:  cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3 ./bin/start-dfs.sh

28. 1b. Start HDFS At this point, monitor the log files on the master and the slaves. You should see that HDFS cleanly starts on the slaves when we start it on the master: cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3 tail –f logs/hadoop-ubuntu-datanode-ip-10-245-114-186.log If anything appears to have gone wrong, double check the configuration files above are correct, firewall ports are open, and everything has been accurately pushed to all slaves.

29. 2. Start MapReduce Once we’ve confirmed that the HDFS is up, is now time to start the map reduce component of Hadoop; There is a script for this which will run the name node on the master and the data nodes on the slaves. Run the following on the master server.  cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3 ./bin/start-mapred.sh Again, double check the log files on all servers to check that everything is communicating cleanly before moving further.. Double check configuration and firewall ports in the case of issues.

30. EXPLORE HADOOP Part 4

31. 2a. Web Interfaces Now we’re up and running, Hadoop has started a number of web interfaces that give information about the cluster and HDFS. Take a look at these to familiarise yourself with them: NameNodemaster:50070Information about the name node and the health of the distributed file system DataNodeslave1:50075 slave2:50075 TBC JobTrackermaster:50030Information about submitted and queued jobs TaskTrackerslave1:50060 slave2:50060 Information about tasks that are submitted and queued

32. 2b. Web Interfaces

33. 2c. Web Interfaces

34. 2d. Web Interfaces

35. YOUR FIRST MAP REDUCE JOB Part 5

36. 1. Source Dataset It’s now time to submit a processing job to the Hadoop cluster. Though we won’t go into much detail here, for the exercise, I used a dataset of UK government spending which you can bring down onto your master server like so: wget http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/dwp-payments-april10.csvhttp://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/dwp-payments-april10.csv

37. 2. Push Dataset Into HDFS We need to push the dataset into the HDFS so that it’s available to be shared across the nodes for subsequent processing: /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3/bin/hadoop dfs -put dwp-payments-april10.csv dwp- payments-april10.csv After pushing the file, note how the NameNode data health page shows the file count, and space used increasing after the push.

38. 3a. Write A MapReduce Job It’s now time to open our IDE and write the Java code that will represent our MapReduce job. For the purposes of this presentation, we are just looking to validate the Hadoop cluster, so we will not go into detail with regards to MapReduce; My Java project is available at @ http://www.benjaminwootton.co.uk/wordcount.zip. http://www.benjaminwootton.co.uk/wordcount.zip As per the sample project, I recommend that you use Maven in order to easily bring in Hadoop depenendencies and build the required JAR. You can manage this part differently if you prefer.

40. 4. Package The MapReduce Job Hadoop Jobs are typically packaged as Java JAR files. By virtue of using Maven, we can get the packaged JAR simply by running a mvn clean package against the sample project. Upload the JAR onto your master server using WinSCP:

41. 5a. Execute The MapReduce Job We are finally ready to run the job! To do that, we’ll run the Hadoop script and pass in a reference to the JAR file, the name of the class containing the main method, and an input file and an output file that will be used by our Java code: If all goes well, we’ll see the job run with no errors: ubuntu@ip-10-212-121-253:~/hadoop-1.0.3$./bin/hadoop jar ~/firsthadoop.jar benjaminwootton.WordCount /user/ubuntu/dwp-payments-april10.csv /user/ubuntu/RESULTS 12/06/03 16:06:12 INFO mapred.JobClient: Running job: job_201206031421_0004 12/06/03 16:06:13 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 0% reduce 0% 12/06/03 16:06:29 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 50% reduce 0% 12/06/03 16:06:31 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 0% 12/06/03 16:06:41 INFO mapred.JobClient: map 100% reduce 100% 12/06/03 16:06:50 INFO mapred.JobClient: Job complete: job_201206031421_0004 cd /home/ubuntu/hadoop-1.0.3./bin/hadoop jar ~/firsthadoop.jar benjaminwootton.WordCount /user/ubuntu/dwp-payments-april10.csv /user/ubuntu/RESULTS

42. 5b. Execute The MapReduce Job You will also be able to monitor progress of the job on the job tracker web application that is running on the master server:

43. 6. Confirm Results! And the final step is to confirm our results by interogating the HDFS: ubuntu@ip-10-212-121-253:~/hadoop-1.0.3$./bin/hadoop dfs -cat /user/ubuntu/RESULTS/part-00000 Pension 2150 Corporate 5681 Employment Programmes 491 Entity 2 Housing Benefits 388 Jobcentre Plus 14774

44. WRAPPING UP! Part 6

45. 1. What We Have Done! Setup EC2, requested machines, configured firewalls and passwordless SSH; Downloaded Java and Hadoop; Configured HDFS and MapReduce and pushed configuration around the cluster; Started HDFS and MapReduce; Compiled a MapReduce job using Maven; Submitted the job, ran it succesfully, and viewed the output.

46. 2. In Summary…. Hopefully you can see how this model of computation would be useful for very large datasets that we wish to perform processing on; Hopefully you are also sold on EC2 as a distributed, fast, cost effective platform for using Hadoop for big-data work. Please get in touch with any questions, comments, or corrections! @benjaminwootton www.benjaminwootton.co.uk