1. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 1 The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. At any point in time, each object is at some state, and object states are transformed through the occurrence of a process. Complexity is controlled through recursive and selective scaling (zooming) of objects and/or processes to any desired level of detail. Object-Process Methodology

2. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 2 OPM Principles n Objects and processes are the two types of equally important things (entities) required to describe a system in a single, unifying model. n Processes transform objects by changing their state. Transformation includes creation and elimination. n Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively to both objects and processes.

3. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 3 Objects, Processes, Things Object - has the potential of persistent unconditional existence for some positive duration of time. Object - has the potential of persistent unconditional existence for some positive duration of time. n Process - a pattern of changing that transforms one or more objects by changing their state or by creating or destroying them. n Thing: a generalization of an object and a process. B1B1B1B1 T1T1T1T1 P1P1P1P1

4. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 4 Structure The static, relatively stable aspect of the system Non-transient, long-term relationships among objects in the system A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state of the system - the state of each of its object Structure is about the static aspect of the system, while behavior is about its dynamics. Structural Relation - an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or processes) in the system for some non-negligible time.

5. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 5 Structural relations bi-directional structural link: unidirectional structural link: 2. Fundamental structural relations 1. General structural relations

6. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 6 one of the following structural relations: Aggregation-Particulation Featuring-Characterization Generalization-Specialization Classification-Instantiation Since those relations are so widespread, special symbols are assigned for their corresponding links Fundamental Structural Relation

7. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 7 Aggregation-Particulation: OPL: Image consists of Foreground and Background. Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: An object aggregates objects and process - processes.

8. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 8 Feature: a thing that characterizes a thing. Attribute: a feature which is an object. Operation: a feature which is a process (also known as method or service). OPL: Image exhibits Name and Situation, as well as Display. Featuring-Characterization

9. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 9 Cylinder A and Cylinder B are instances of Cylinder. Box C and Box D are instances of Box. Box C is in front of Box D. Box D is in front of Cylinder B. Box D is right of Cylinder A. Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B. Instantiation-Materialization: A B C D is in front of

10. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 10 a structural relation that defines the relation between a general things and its specializations. also known as gen-spec; induces inheritance Symbol: Generalization-Specialization: An object generalizes objects and process - processes.

11. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 11 Structural links: an example Lens Case Camera Capturing- Medium Electronic- Camera Analog- Camera is attached-to Magnetic Tape Photographic Film uses Operation- mode Focal- length holds

12. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה n Procedural link is a link that connects a process with an object that is involved in the occurrence of that process. There are three types of procedural links: n Enabling link is a procedural link that connects a process with an Enabler of that process. n Transformation link is a procedural link that connects a process with a Transformed object of that process. n Event link refers to process execution due to internal and external events Procedural links 12

13. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה Enablers Agent links connect agents and the processes they enable. An Agent is an intelligent enabler, who controls process executions in the way that suites his/her/its needs. Agent links connect agents and the processes they enable. An Agent is an intelligent enabler, who controls process executions in the way that suites his/her/its needs. Instrument links connect instruments and the processes they enable. An Instrument is an enabler that is not agent, e.g.: tools, information, data, etc. Processing will occur when enabler is available ("wait until “ ). Instrument links connect instruments and the processes they enable. An Instrument is an enabler that is not agent, e.g.: tools, information, data, etc. Processing will occur when enabler is available ("wait until “ ). Condition links connect processes with object states: Processing will occur if and only if the object is in the certain state ( “ gate keeper ” ). Condition links connect processes with object states: Processing will occur if and only if the object is in the certain state ( “ gate keeper ” ). 13

14. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 14 Enabler Examples

15. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 15 n Effect link is a transformation link that connects a process with its affected object or with the affected object states. n Consumption link is a transformation link that connects a process with a consumed object of that process. n Result link is a transformation link that connects a process with a resulting object of that process. Transformation links

16. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 16 n Invoke link is a transformation link that connects a process with its invoked process n State entrance event link connects between state and the process which is triggered when the corresponding object enters the specific state. n Time-out exception link is used in statecharts and will not be discussed here. Event links

17. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 17 Procedural links - Example e e

18. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 18 Object-Process Diagram (OPD) An OPD is a diagram showing the objects and processes in the system, or part of it, at some level of detail, along with the structural and procedural relations among them. Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device The Imaging System: Top-level OPD

19. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 19 The Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfolded Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device Range- Sensor Lens Case Camera Film

20. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 20 The Imaging System: Imaging unfolded Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device Photography Range- Sensing CameraRange- Sensor

21. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 21 The Imaging System: Image unfolded The OPD shows both the static structure and the dynamic behavior of the system in one model. Scene Imaging Image Imaging- Device Photography Range- Sensing CameraRange- Sensor Photographic- Image Range- Image

22. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 22 qState is a situation at which the object can exist for some time. qStatus is an attribute of an object whose values are states. Status and State

23. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 23 Status Representations Implicit Status Representation Explicit Status Representation

24. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 24 The effect of Process on Object Left: Lamp can be off or on. Lighting changes Lamp from off to on. Right: Lamp exhibits Status. Status can be off or on. Lighting changes Status of Lamp from off to on.

25. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 25 n Scaling (zooming) - the mechanism of exposing more or less details of the system. This enables shifting the focus of interest from one thing to another without loosing the “big picture”. n Each scaling yields a new OPD. n The entire system is represented by the OPD set, in which each OPD is some view emphasizing part of the system. n Scaling up: zooming in; detailing; showing more details of a thing. n Scaling down: zooming out; abstracting; showing less details of a thing. Scaling: a complexity management tool

26. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 26 Unfolding - uses,, or, any general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction: Folding. Unfolding - uses,, or, any general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction: Folding. Zooming-in - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction: Zooming-out. Zooming-in - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction: Zooming-out. Types of Scaling

27. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 27 Two Types of Scaling: scaling of an object B1 B1.1 B1.2 P1.1 B1 B1.1 B1.2 P1.1 Zooming into B1 Unfolding of B1

28. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 28 The Flange Drilling System Computerized Numeric Control (CNC) Machine Drilling Flange Disk Operator Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process

29. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 29 Structural Links: aggregation as an example Drilling Flange Disk Operator Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process CNC Machine Control Controller Metal Cutting Unit Aggregation

30. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 30 Zooming into Control Drilling Flange Disk Operator Control CNC Machine Controller Metal Cutting Unit Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process Aggregation Blow-up frame Command Generation Command Transfer Control

31. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 31 The time line flows from top to bottom Drilling Flange Disk Operator Legend Transformation link Agent link Instrument link Object Process Characterization Attribute value Location on in stack on CNC Feed Location on out stack Make Holes on CNC Remove Initial state Final state Metal Cutting Unit Blow-up frame

32. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 32 Automated Telling Machine (ATM) System

33. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 33 Transaction Execution zoomed-in

34. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 34 Account Checking blown up

35. ניתוח מערכות מידע ומבוא להנדסת תכנה 35 Transaction Processing zoomed-in Invoke