1. Driver Responsibilities: Adverse Conditions Topic 1 -- Visibility in Adverse Conditions Topic 2 -- Extreme Weather Conditions Topic 3 -- Protecting Occupants Topic 4 -- Roadway and Vehicle Technology Topic 5 -- Traction Loss Concerns Module Eight Transparencies Virginia Department of Education Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

2. Changing Visibility at Night T – 8.1 Topic 1 Lesson 1 IF YOU ARE BRIGHT LIGHTED KEEP YOUR LIGHTS ON LOW BEAM LOOK TO THE RIGHT EDGE OF THE ROAD AS YOU PASS THE VEHICLE STARE AT THE LINE ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ROAD 1

3. Contemporary (BGE) Mirror Settings Rear Mirror View 15º Topic 3 Lesson 3 SIDE MIRRORS ARE SET 15 DEGREES OUT GLARE FROM OTHER VEHICLE’S HEADLIGHTS IS REFLECTED AWAY FROM THE DRIVER 2

4. Headlight Alignment and Speed PROPERLY ALIGNED LOW BEAM HEADLIGHTS T – 8.3 Topic 1 Lesson 2 lighted area above road 300 to 500 feet illuminated roadway 100 to 150 feet The Code of Virginia requires The Code of Virginia requires that you use your headlights from sunset to sunrise and during inclement weather, such as rain, fog, snow, or when you use your windshield wipers. At twilight, when the sun light begins to fade, turn your headlights ON. This will make your vehicle more visible to others.  100 – 150 Feet Beam Hits Roadway Ahead  300 – 500 Feet Illuminates Area Ahead In The Road  MAXIMUM SAFE SPEED OF 40 TO 45 MPH Should Be Able To Stop In The Distance The Roadway Is Illuminated 3, 4

5. Headlight Alignment and Speed PROPERLY ALIGNED HIGH BEAM HEADLIGHTS T – 8.4 Topic 1 Lesson 2 illuminated roadway 300 to 500 feet lighted area above road 500 to 1800 feet SWITCH TO LOWER BEAMS WHEN YOU ARE: Within 500 Feet Of An Approaching Vehicle Following Closely Behind Another Vehicle (Within 200 Feet) Driving On Lighted Roadways Driving In Fog, Heavy Rain, Sleet, Snow, Or Dust 12 The Beam Hits The Roadway 300 To 500 Feet Ahead Illuminates The Area Above The Road 500 To 1800 Feet Ahead OVERDRIVING YOUR HEADLIGHTS VEHICLE IS UNABLE TO STOP IN THE DISTANCE ILLUMINATED BY THE HEADLIGHTS

6. Night Time Precautionary Measures Night Time Precautionary Measures CLEAN WINDSHIELD & HEADLIGHTS Topic 1 Lesson 26,7 DIRTY HEADLIGHTS CAUSES 50 TO 90 % LOSS OF HEADLIGHT EFFICIENCY WINDBLOWN SAND/DIRT PARTICLES CAUSE SPECIAL PROBLEMS. INTERIOR LIGHTS CAUSES A GLARE ON THE FRONT WINDSHIELD REDUCES THE EYES ABILITY TO SEE IN THE DARK

7. Changing Visibility at Night T – 8.1 Topic 1 Lesson 1 IF YOU ARE BRIGHT LIGHTED FROM BEHIND SWITCH TO DAY / NIGHT LEVER TO THE NIGHT SETTING REFLECTS THE LIGHT UPWARDS INSTEAD OF IN THE DRIVERS EYES 8

8. Visibility Limitations in Fog Reduce Speed Make Sure Your Headlights Are On Low Beam To Reduce The Amount Of Light/Glare Reflected Back At You Turn On Your Windshield Wipers Turn On The Defroster Or Air Conditioner Pulls Moisture From The Air & Away From The Windows Pulls Moisture From The Air & Away From The Windows DRIVING IN FOG Topic 1 Lesson 310

9. Visibility Limitations in Fog  REDUCE SPEED, BUT NEVER STOP IN A TRAVEL LANE  TURN ON EMERGENCY FLASHERS  LOOK FOR AN EXIT FROM THE HIGHWAY HAVE TO PULL OVER Stop Beyond End Of Guard Rail Back Up To Outboard Of The Guard Rail Turn Off All Lights Wait For The Fog To Lift Driving in Heavy Fog Topic 1 Lesson 311

10. STRONG WIND GUSTS BLASTS CAN CAUSE TOTAL LOSS OF CONTROL OF A VEHICLE OCCURS ON BRIDGES, MOUNTAINS & WHEN PASSED BY LARGE TRUCKS BUFFETING WINDS BUFFETING WINDS T – 8.10 Topic 1 Lesson 313

11. Low Water Crossings - KNOW DEPTH OF THE WATER (6 INCHES LOSE CONTROL) REDUCE SPEED REDUCES HYDROPLANING - WAIT FOR ANY ONCOMING VEHICLES TO CLEAR WATER BEFORE CROSSING DRIVE IN THE CENTER LESS WATER T – 8.12 Topic 2 Lesson 11

12. Low Water Crossings HYDROPLANING Occurs When Water Builds Up Between The Tire & Road Surface Very Little Water On The Road Surface Can Cause Loss Of Control Results In No Traction Or Control Topic 2 Lesson 12

13. Low Water Crossings  A Vehicle In Two Feet Of Water Or More Can Float  Look For Items To Estimate Water Depth FENCE – FIRE HYDRANTS – PARKED VEHICLES  Heed All Flash Flood Watches And Warnings  Water Comes To The Bottom Vehicle Do Not Enter Topic 2 Lesson 14, 5

14. DRYING YOUR BREAKS Apply Light Pressure To The Brake Pedal With The Left Foot Accelerate With The Right Foot Creates Heat In The Breaks To Dry Them T – 8.13 Topic 2 Lesson 16

15. USE SUNGLASSES & CLEAN WINDSHIELD INSIDE & OUT MINIMIZE THE EFFECTS OF GLARE 7

16. CHANGE YOUR - OIL - OIL FILTER - AIR FILTER DRIVING THROUGH DUSY OR SAND T – 8.10 8

17. Battery – Clean Cables / Cranking Power Battery – Clean Cables / Cranking Power Radiator – Proper Antifreeze/ Water Ratio Radiator – Proper Antifreeze/ Water Ratio Tires – Proper Inflation / Tread For Ice & Snow Tires – Proper Inflation / Tread For Ice & Snow Oil – May Want To Change To Thinner Oil Oil – May Want To Change To Thinner Oil T – 8.17 Topic 2 Lesson 29 Cold Weather Checks 9

18. Hot Weather Checks Battery – Clean Cables / Cranking Power Battery – Clean Cables / Cranking Power Radiator – Proper Coolant / Water Ratio / Level Radiator – Proper Coolant / Water Ratio / Level Tires – Proper Inflation / Tread Tires – Proper Inflation / Tread Oil – May Want To Change To Thicker Oil Oil – May Want To Change To Thicker Oil T – 8.17 Topic 2 Lesson 29

19. 5 TIPS FOR DRIVING IN THE SNOW IN ICE 1.Accelerate Gently 2.Increase Following Distance “Gives Room To Stop” 3.Reduce Speed To A Crawl 4.Do Not Use Cruise Control On Slippery Surfaces 5.Maintain On Open Line Of Sight & Path Of Travel Visibility Limitations in Bad Weather Visibility Limitations in Bad Weather T – 8.9 Topic 1 Lesson 3 Stopping Distance Visibility Range Ice - 150 feet Packed Snow - 60 feet Wet - 25 feet Dry - 20 feet 11 Braking distances at 20 mph with conventional tires on different pavement conditions

20. HEADWIND May Have To Accelerate To Maintain Speed TAILWIND You May Have To Break To Maintain Speed DRIVING THROUGH WIND 12

21. SEAT BELT KEEPS OCCUPANTS IN POSITION HEAD RESTRAINT PREVENTS WHIPLASH INJURIES AIR BAG ADDITIONAL PROTECTION DURING A CRASH Crash Sensors Gases Vent Opening Occupant Protection T – 8.25 Topic 3 Lesson 1 1 - WORK SHEET

22. SEAT BELTS NEVER HOLD A CHILD ON YOUR LAP--ALWAYS SECURE THE CHILD IN AN APPROVED CHILD SAFETY SEAT Topic 3 Lesson 1 - YOU ARE TRAVELING AT 65 MPH - IF YOU HIT A TREE -YOUR BODY IS STILL TRAVELING AT 65 MPH WHAT WILL STOP YOUR BODY ? SEAT BELT - STEERING WHEEL - WINDSHIELD - TREE 2, 3

23. WEAR LAP BELT LOW AND SNUG ACROSS HIPS (PELVIS) TO AVOID UNNECESSARY INTERNAL INJURIES Adjusting Belts for Proper Fit Topic 3 Lesson 1 WEAR SHOULDER BELT OVER CHEST (STERNUM) & COLLAR BONE (CLAVICLE) SEAT BELTS SHOULD BE WORN OVER THE STRONGEST SKELETAL BONES 4

24. Safety Restraints for Adults T – 8.23 Topic 3 Lesson 1 HEAD RESTRAINTS HEAD RESTRAINT SHOULD BE ADJUSTED MIDDLE OF THE BACK OF THE HEAD JUST ABOVE THE EARS Proper adjustment minimizes whiplash. Improper adjustment may result in severe neck injury. 5

25. Safety Restraints for Youth BELT AND SEAT RESTRAINT USE T – 8.24 Topic 3 Lesson 1  Children younger than (6) 8 years old must be in a child seat  Children younger than 12 years old should ride in the back  Babies less than 20 lbs must be in rear facing child restraint in back seat Infant Car Bed Rear Facing Infant Seat Forward Facing Child Restraints Booster Seats 8-15 years old 6, 7

26. Safety Restraints for Adults AUTOMATICALLY ACTIVATE WITH NO INPUT FROM THE PASSENGER AUTOMATICALLY ACTIVATE WITH NO INPUT FROM THE PASSENGER USED WITH SEAT BELTS USED WITH SEAT BELTS NO PASSENGER UNDER 12 YEARS OF AGE SHOULD SIT IN THE FRONT SEAT NO PASSENGER UNDER 12 YEARS OF AGE SHOULD SIT IN THE FRONT SEAT PREVENTS BODY CONTACT WITH THE STEERING WHEEL PREVENTS BODY CONTACT WITH THE STEERING WHEEL Air Bags in Dash or Steering Wheel T – 8.21 Topic 3 Lesson 1 The air bag inflates in the blink of an eye, at speeds as high as 200 MILES MPH 8, 10

27. Safety Restraints for Adults Air Bag in Steering Wheel SEATING POSITION MINIMUM 10 INCHES FROM CHEST TO STEERING WHEELSEATING POSITION MINIMUM 10 INCHES FROM CHEST TO STEERING WHEEL STEERING WHEEL TILT TOWARDS CHEST NOT THE FACESTEERING WHEEL TILT TOWARDS CHEST NOT THE FACE HAND POSITION SHOULD BE AT 8 AND 4HAND POSITION SHOULD BE AT 8 AND 4 T – 8.22 Topic 3 Lesson 1 10 inches 9

28. Types of Belt-Locking Systems Normal Conditions Seat Belt Ratchet Mechanism Pendulum Bar SUDDEN CAR MOVEMENTS CAUSES THE PENDULUM TO MOVE & THE RATCHET TO BE ENGAGED & STOP THE BELT MOVEMENT Topic 3 Lesson 1 Emergency Conditions 11

29. SECOND COLLISION Topic 2 Lesson 2 1 ST COLLISION WHEN VEHICLE MAKES CONTACT WITH OUTSIDE FORCE 2 ND COLLISION OCCURS WHEN THE BODIES IN THE VEHICLE COLLIDE WITH VEHICLE PARTS 13

30.  Breakaway Signs Topic 4 Lesson 1  Crash Attenuators Such As Vinyl Liquid Or Sand Filled Drums Help Reduce Impact When Hit  Guard Rails With Ends Angled Away From Roadway & Buried 1 Highway Safety Design Features  Rumble Strips Edge Of Roadway To Alert Drivers Who Run Off The Road 1

31. BACKED UP TO GUARD RAIL  GREATLY REDUCES THE LIKELIHOOD OF THE VEHICLE BEING HIT BY OTHER VEHICLES.  SAFER POSITION WHEN STOPPED IN BAD WEATHER OR VEHICLE FAILURE 2

32. ELECTRONIC STABILITY PROGRAM (ESP) Analyzes Vehicle Steering If Vehicle Responds Incorrectly The Brakes Are Selectively Applied To Help The Driver Regain Control TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM When Accelerating Brake Sensors Come On If Wheel Begins To Spin SUSPENSION CONTROL SYSTEM adjusts vehicle balance by adjusting the fluid or air pressure of shock absorbers or struts when weight is suddenly shifted to a wheel ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM Allows The Driver To Apply Max Braking Power Without Steering Control Automotive Technology Topic 4 Lesson 2 3

33. TRACTION STATIC – Vehicle Is Not Moving. Max Control Between Tire & Roadway Surface ROLLING – Vehicle Is Moving SLIDING – Vehicle Is Moving But Tires Are Not Rolling. Loss Of Traction While The Vehicle Is In Motion TRACTION is the grip between the tires & the road surface which allows a vehicle to start, stop or change directions ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Topic 5 Lesson 2 Most Driver-induced Skids Are Caused By: Excessive Speed Coupled With Excessive Steering Input Or Improper Braking When Turning Loss Of Traction Also Occurs With These Driver’s Actions At Normal Speeds On Ice/Snow Or On Sand, Gravel, Or Water 1, 2

34. TRACTION LOSS DURRING FRESH RAIN -First 15 Minutes After It Starts Raining Is Very Dangerous - Water Dirt Oil & Rubber Combine On The Roadway Surface - Makes Roads Extremely Slippery 3

35. Causes of Traction Loss Causes of Traction Loss BRAKES UNEVENLY ADJUSTED Brakes Pulling In One Direction Or The Other Can Cause A Skid Out Of Alignment TIRES WITH WORN TREAD -Tread Is Necessary For Traction In Wet Weather -Worn Tread Cannot Channel Water Effectively & Will Result In Traction Loss & Hydroplaning In Wet Weather T – 8.37 Topic 5 Lesson 2 UNEVEN TIRE PRESSURE - Similar To The Effects Of Unevenly Adjusted Breaks The Vehicle May Pull To One Side To The Other & Result In A Skid - Spend More Money On Gas 4

36. Weight Moves to the Front of the Car Causing Weight Moves to the Front of the Car Causing –A Noticeable Drop Of The Hood –A Noticeable Rise Of The Rear Deck –Forward Movement Of Driver And Passengers Traction Loss Considerations Traction Loss Considerations WHEN BRAKES ARE APPLIED TOO HARD OR QUICKLY T – 8.40 Topic 5 Lesson 2 Direction of Travel Force or Weight Movement REAR LIFTS LOSSES TRACTION FRONT DROPS 5

37. Weight Moves to the Rear of the Car Causing Weight Moves to the Rear of the Car Causing –A noticeable rise of the hood –A noticeable drop of the rear deck –Rearward movement of driver and passengers Traction Loss Consideration WHEN ACCELERATION IS APPLIED TOO HARD OR QUICKLY T – 8.41 Topic 5 Lesson 2 Direction of Travel FRONT LIFTS Force or Weight Movement REAR DROPS 6

38. –A Noticeable Drop And Tilt Of The Hood –A Noticeable Rise And Tilt Of The Rear Deck –Driver And Passenger Movement Towards The Car’s Corner Traction Loss Consideration Traction Loss Consideration SUDDEN OR EXCESSIVE STEERING RESULTS IN WEIGHT TRANSFER TO THE SIDE & POSSIBLE LOSS OF TRACTION TO THE FRONT & REAR TIRES T – 8.42 Topic 5 Lesson 2 Force or Weight Movement Front DROPS Rear LIFTS Direction of Travel 7

39. Traction Loss to Front Tires THE DRIVER IS STEERING LEFT BUT THE VEHICLE IS CONTINUING TO MOVE STRAIGHT. THIS RESULTS FROM LOSS OF TRACTION TO THE FRONT TIRES & IS CALLED UNDERSTEER Actual Path of Travel Intended Path of Travel T – 8.43 Topic 5 Lesson 3 front tires SLIDE rear tires PUSH 8

40. To Correct Front Traction Loss Targeted Path of Travel Lift Eyes to Targeted Path of Travel Topic 5 Lesson 3 9, 12 Actual Path of Travel Intended Path of Travel First response should be to RELEASE the accelerator or break Look & steer toward your INTENDED PATH OF TRAVEL. Abs breaks shift weight to the FRONT to regain traction Quick JAB to breaks also shifts weight Avoid this situation you should BREAKE before entering a curve or turn and avoid OVER STEERING ABS is helpful in UNDER STEER traction loss & traction control systems are helpful in OVER STEER traction loss

41. To Correct Front Traction Loss Actual Path of Travel Intended Path of Travel Drivers intended path of travel is STRAIGHT but the rear of the vehicle is SLIDING RIGHT. Drivers intended path of travel is STRAIGHT but the rear of the vehicle is SLIDING RIGHT. This results from loss of traction to the REAR tires & is called OVER STEER. This results from loss of traction to the REAR tires & is called OVER STEER. RELEASE the brake or accelerator. RELEASE the brake or accelerator. Look & steer toward your INTENDED PATH OF TRAVEL. Look & steer toward your INTENDED PATH OF TRAVEL. Very light progressive acceleration will help shift weight to the REAR to help regain traction. Very light progressive acceleration will help shift weight to the REAR to help regain traction. 10, 11

42. IF YOU RUN OFF THE ROAD STAY OFF THE ROAD UNTIL YOU REGAIN VEHICLE BALANCESTAY OFF THE ROAD UNTIL YOU REGAIN VEHICLE BALANCE DO NOT BREAKDO NOT BREAK EASE OFF THE ACCELERATOR & ACTIVATE ABSEASE OFF THE ACCELERATOR & ACTIVATE ABS ALIGN THE MIDDLE OF THE VEHICLE WITH THE EDGE OF THE ROADWAY & CHECK TRAFFICALIGN THE MIDDLE OF THE VEHICLE WITH THE EDGE OF THE ROADWAY & CHECK TRAFFIC IF CLEAR RETURN TO THE ROADWAY USING NO MORE THAT 1/8 –1/4 TURN OF THE STEERING WHEEL & TARGET INTENDED PATH OF TRAVELIF CLEAR RETURN TO THE ROADWAY USING NO MORE THAT 1/8 –1/4 TURN OF THE STEERING WHEEL & TARGET INTENDED PATH OF TRAVEL 13

43. T – 8.47a IF YOU RUN OFF THE ROAD Did You Know? In 2002, 53% of the motor vehicle fatalities among 16-20 year olds were caused by run-off-the-road crashes! EX