1. Chapter 15 Plate Tectonics Section 1 Inside the EarthInside the Earth Section 2 Restless ContinentsRestless Continents Section 3 The Theory of Plate TectonicsThe Theory of Plate Tectonics Section 4 Deforming the Earth’s CrustDeforming the Earth’s Crust Preview Concept Mapping

2. Chapter 15 Objectives Identify the layers of the Earth by their chemical composition. Identify the layers of the Earth by their physical properties. Explain how scientists know about the structure of Earth’s interior. Section 1 Inside the Earth

3. Chapter 15 The Compositional (Chemical) Layers of the Earth The Earth is divided into three layers—the crust, the mantle, and the core—based on the chemical compounds that make up each layer. The Crust the outermost layer of the Earth – 5 to 100 km thick the thinnest layer Made up of oxygen, silicon and aluminum (light minerals) least dense Section 1 Inside the Earth

4. Chapter 15 The Composition of the Earth, continued There are two types of crust—continental and oceanic. Oceanic crust is thinner and denser than continental crust (made up of more iron, calcium and magnesium--heavier minerals—than continents) Section 1 Inside the Earth

5. Chapter 15 The Composition of the Earth, continued The Mantle the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core. much thicker than the crust (2,900 km) 67% of the mass more magnesium, less aluminum and silicon than crust more dense than crust The crust is too thick to drill through, so scientists must draw conclusions about the composition and other properties of the mantle from observations made on the Earth’s surface. Section 1 Inside the Earth

6. Chapter 15 The Core - the central part of the Earth that lies below the mantle. makes up 33% of Earth’s mass radius 3,430 km made mostly of iron and smaller amounts of nickel (heavy minerals) most dense layer Section 1 Inside the Earth The Composition of the Earth, continued

7. Chapter 15 Section 1 Inside the Earth

8. Chapter 15 The Physical Structure of the Earth The Earth is divided into five physical layers: 1.The lithosphere 2.The asthenosphere 3.The mesosphere 4.The outer core 5.The inner core Each layer has its own set of physical properties. Section 1 Inside the Earth

9. Chapter 15 Physical Structure of the Earth lithosphere -the outermost, rigid layer of the Earth. made of two parts—the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. divided into pieces that are called tectonic plates. Section 1 Inside the Earth

10. Chapter 15 asthenosphere is a plastic-like layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move. made of solid rock that flows very slowly. Section 1 Inside the Earth Physical Structure of the Earth

11. Chapter 15 Section 1 Inside the Earth

12. Chapter 15 mesosphere is the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core. The prefix meso- means “middle.” Section 1 Inside the Earth Physical Structure of the Earth

13. Chapter 15 The Earth’s core is divided into two parts. The outer core is the liquid layer of the Earth’s core that lies beneath the mantle. The inner core is the solid, dense center of our planet that extends from the bottom of the outer core to the center of the Earth, about 6,380 km beneath the surface. Section 1 Inside the Earth Physical Structure of the Earth

14. Chapter 15 Section 1 Inside the Earth

15. Chapter 15 Tectonic Plates Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the asthenosphere are called tectonic plates. Tectonic plates consist of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle. Section 1 Inside the Earth

16. Chapter 15 Tectonic Plates, continued A Giant Jigsaw Puzzle Each tectonic plate fits together with the tectonic plates that surround it. The lithosphere is like a jigsaw puzzle Section 1 Inside the Earth

17. Chapter 15 Tectonic Plates, continued Tectonic plates “float” on the asthenosphere. The plates cover the surface of the asthenosphere, and they touch. The lithosphere displaces the asthenosphere. Section 1 Inside the Earth

18. Chapter 15 The Breakup of Pangaea Scientist, Alfred Wegener, theorized that all of the present continents were once joined in a single, huge continent he called Pangaea. Pangaea is Greek for “all earth.” Pangaea existed about 245 million years ago. Section 2 Restless Continents