1. Geologic Timeline p. 538-539; 542-545

2. Fossils Fossils  From the fossil record, paleontologists learn:  the structure of ancient organisms  their environment  the ways in which the organisms lived.  Their age (and how long ago they lived).

3. Fossil Record  the most important source of information about extinct species  Species that have died out  The fossil record is incomplete so there are many organisms that have died out that we do not know about.

4. Fossils  Many fossils are just fragments of an organism— teeth, pieces of a jawbone, or bits of leaf.

5. Fossilization  Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock.  formed when small particles of sand, silt, clay, or lime muds settle to the bottom of a body of water.  As sediments build up, they bury dead organisms that have sunk to the bottom.

6. Fossilization  As layers of sediment continue to build up over time, the remains are buried deeper and deeper.  Over many years, water pressure gradually compresses the lower layers and turns the sediments into rock.

7. What is one thing a paleontologist can learn from the fossil record? a) Mating behavior b) Predator behavior c) Organism’s environment d) Organism’s diet preference

8. All living and/or extinct organisms can be found in the fossil record. a) True b) False

9. Paleontologists  Researchers who study fossils to learn about ancient life.

10. What Fossils Can Reveal  By comparing body structures in fossils to body structures in living organisms, researchers can infer evolutionary relationships and form hypotheses about how body structures and species have evolved.

11. What Fossils Can Reveal  Bone structure and trace fossils, like footprints, indicate how animals moved.

12. What Fossils Can Reveal  Fossilized plant leaves and pollen suggest whether the area was a swamp, a lake, a forest, or a desert.  When different kinds of fossils are found together, researchers can sometimes reconstruct entire ancient ecosystems.

13. What is one thing that the fossil record does not reveal? a)How animals moved b)Organism’s landscape c)Entire ancient ecosystems d)Color of organisms

14. Geologic Time Scale  Geologists and paleontologists have built a time line of Earth’s history called the geologic time scale.

15. Hadean Eon  About 4600 mya (million years ago) – 4000 mya  Mya – million years ago

16. Archean Eon  About 4000 mya – 2500 mya

17. Proterozoic Eon  About 2500 mya – 542 mya

18. Cambrian Period  Inside the Paleozoic Era  About 542 mya – 488 mya

19. Ordovician Period  Inside the Paleozoic Era  488 mya – 444 mya

20. Silurian Period  Inside the Paleozoic Era  444 mya – 414 mya

21. Devonian Period  Inside Paleozoic Era  416 mya – 359 mya

22. Carboniferous Period  Inside Paleozoic Era  359 mya – 299 mya

23. Permian Period  Inside Paleozoic Era  299 mya – 251 mya

24. Triassic Period  Inside Mesozoic Era  251 mya – 200 mya

25. Jurassic Period  Inside Mesozoic Era  200 mya – 146 mya

26. Cretaceous Period  Inside Mesozoic Era  146 mya – 65.5 mya

27. Paleogene Era  Inside Cenozoic Era  65.5 mya – 23 mya

28. Neogene Period  Inside Cenozoic Era  23 mya – 1.8 mya

29. Quaternary Period  Inside Cenozoic Era  1.8 mya - present

30. What period are we currently living in? a) Quaternary b) Neogene c) Paleogene d) Carboniferous

31. Life on a Changing Planet  Building mountains, opening coastlines, changing climates, and geological forces have altered habitats of living organisms repeatedly throughout Earth’s history.  In turn, the actions of living organisms over time have changed conditions in the land, water, and atmosphere of planet Earth.

32. Life on a Changing Planet  Earth and its climate has been constantly changing, and organisms have evolved in ways that responded to those new conditions.  The fossil record shows evolutionary histories for major groups of organisms as they have both responded to changes on Earth and how they have changed Earth.

33. Physical Forces  Climate  Temperatures  Geologic Forces  Volcanic activities  Wind and ocean currents

34. Physical Forces  The theory of plate tectonics explains how solid continental “plates” move slowly above Earth’s molten core—a process called continental drift.

35. Biological Forces  The activities of organisms have affected global environments.  For example, Earth’s early oceans contained large amounts of soluble iron and little oxygen.

36. Biological Forces  During the Proterozoic Eon, however, photosynthetic organisms produced oxygen gas and also removed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

37. An example of a physical force that shaped Earth is: a) Photosynthetic organisms b) Continental drift c) Organisms that break down rock into soil d) Predator-prey relationships

38. An example of a biological force that shaped Earth is: a)Ocean currents b)Wind currents c)Photosynthetic organisms d)Iron deposits in the ocean