2. Warm Up 1.What is a supervolcano? 2.What does sulfur do in the atmosphere? How does it effect climate? Time’s Up!

3. Pop Quiz!!! This quiz is open note, so take out your notebook!

4. Volcanic Particles and Climate Holy crap you guys need more practice with graphing in science. Why do scientists graph? 1.Don’t start your Y axis at 0 unless you are counting something from zero! Just start at whatever you lowest measured value is. 2.Title your graph something that tells your “reader” what the data is showing you. For example: Container temperature over time

5. Volcanic Aerosols and Climate

6. Volcanic Aerosols CO 2, SO 2, ash and dust CO 2 is a greenhouse gas – Relatively small amount added compared to what humans add SO 2 combines with water droplets to make sulfuric acid clouds – Reflect sunlight (increase albedo)

7. Volcanic Aerosols Net effect is cooling – Example: “Year without a Summer” following Tambora eruption of 1815

8. Warm Up 1.What are some different gasses and aerosols that are released into the atmosphere by volcanoes? 2.Describe the impact that volcanic eruptions have on global climate. Time’s Up!

9. Warm Up 1.Explain 4 different relationships that you observed during the “Climate Connections” activity we did last Friday. Time’s Up!

10. What We Know… Global Climate Change in context

11. Paleoclimatology List at least four methods scientists can use to estimate temperatures and atmospheric composition from the past. – Ice cores: air bubbles, ice accumulation, O-18 to O-16 ratio, pollen, volcanic ash – Dendroclimatology, aka Tree ring growth – Sediment: remnants of organisms, isotopic ratios

12. What can you conclude?

13. 1. Earth’s climate has changed in the past.

17. What can you conclude?

18. 2.Global temperatures are rising rapidly.

21. 3.Earth’s configuration with relation to the Sun changes periodically. (Milankovich Cycles)

22. Precession Earth’s axis slowly traces a circle in space, completing the circle once every 22,000 years.

23. Obliquity (axial tilt) Earth’s tilt changes between 22.1 O and 24.5 O on a cycle of about 41,000 years (currently 23.5 O ) How could more intense tilt change climate?

24. Orbital Eccentricity The shape of the Earth’s orbit changes from being elliptical to being nearly circular in 100,000 year and 400,000 year cycles.

25. 4.The Sun’s output varies over time.

26. Solar Max & Solar Min Sunspot number and brightness vary over an 11-year cycle. More sunlight during solar max.

27. 5.Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

28. 6.Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising rapidly, are quite high compared to historic levels, but are not at all-time highs.

29. Warm Up 1.List the 5 “Things we know” that we discussed in class yesterday. 2.What is ocean acidification? What causes it? Time’s Up!

30. Why do we see the year to year variations?

32. CO 2 Animation http://www.wired.com/2014/11/nature-run- co2-visualization/ http://www.wired.com/2014/11/nature-run- co2-visualization/

33. What can you conclude?

34. 7.Carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures seem to be related.

36. Conclusions? Is climate change happening? Could aspects of climate change be naturally caused? Could aspects of climate change be anthropogenic (caused by human activity)? Could it be both?

37. Frequently asked questions!!

38. Is the sun causing climate change?

40. Is the ozone hole causing climate change?

41. Is there a pause in global warming? http://youtu.be/MmoYStB-Rzw

42. What about extreme weather? http://youtu.be/SY6XSsF4CCo

43. How does climate change effect humans? http://youtu.be/feVlzneZeew