1. The Ojibwe Nation October 8, 2012

2. Do Now: 1.Name the 5 Great Lakes. 2.Which Great Lake is the largest? 3.Which Great Lake is the smallest? 4.List the Canadian Provinces and U.S. States you would go through if you traveled from Nova Scotia to Madeline Island, WI. 5.What is the absolute location of Madeline Island, WI.

3. Learning Targets I can explain the Ojibwe Nation’s early history of migration to where the “Food Grows on Water” and their interaction with French fur traders and missionaries. I can describe Ojibwe tribal traditions like wild ricing and clan organization. I can describe the 1800s treaties that led to Ojibwe land reservations. I can compare and contrast the six Ojibwe Bands in Wisconsin.

4. Journey to where the “Food Grows on Water” The Anishinaabe people were placed on shores of Great Lakes by the Creator, Gitchi-Manitoo Moved to the shore of the “Great Salt Water in the East” for many years Thousands of years ago they moved back west to where the “Food Grows on Water” Split into three tribes – the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi

5. The Seven Original Clans Crane Loon Fish Bear Marten Deer Bird

6. Ojibwe Survival Life among the Ojibwe Bands followed the seasons Spring – spear fishing, maple sugar/syrup Summer – fished, hunted, gardens (corn, beans, squash, potatoes) Late summer – harvest wild rice Winter – hunted, ice fish for muskie/pike using wooden decoys, spears, nets

7. Harvesting Manoomin Push canoes in rice beds with pole, hit rice off into canoe using ricing sticks Spread rice out on woven mats before parching (roasting) “dance” the rice Tossed in birch bark baskets to separate broken husks from kernels called winnowing (tossing)

8. Ojibwe History Frenchmen arrived in early 1600s, traded with the Ojibwe, married Ojibwe women and fought along side them against the English and other Indians (Five Nations) Madeline Island was trading post and place for Midewiwin (spiritual ceremonies) “Black Coats” tried to convert Ojibwe to become Christians which divided them Some Ojibwe left Madeline Island in search of furs to trade but came back for Midewiwin

9. Land Treaties By early 1800s Ojibwe and Dakota were fighting constantly, invited to Prairie du Chien to make “peace and friendship” In treaties of 1837 and 1842 the U.S. government pressured Ojibwe to give up many acres of land For giving up land and traditional way of life Ojibwe received little money (annuities)

10. Journey to Sandy Lake In 1850 president Taylor signed a removal order which made Ojibwe travel to Sandy Lake, MN (1,100 miles) to receive annuity payments from U.S. government 400 people died along journey Chief Buffalo went to Washington D.C. and removal order was stopped

11. Ojibwe Reservations In 1854 Ojibwe created four reservations in WI: Bad River, Lac Courte Oreilles, Lac du Flambeau, Red Cliff St. Croix and Sakaogon (Mole Lake) were without any land for 80 more years By limiting the Ojibwe to just 4 reservations, the U.S. government forced the Ojibwe Bands together When the groups joined, some traditions were changed or lost

12. Exit Ticket 1.Briefly describe the Ojibwe’s story of creation and early history. 2.Explain how the Ojibwe harvest manoomin. 3.What was the Journey to Sandy Lake? 4.What did the treaties in the 1800s do the Ojibwe people?

13. Loss of Ojibwe Land Land speculators, who were being helped by the U.S. government found ways around the laws By 1934, the Ojibwe has lost nearly half of their original reservation lands

14. Loss of Ojibwe Land

15. Boarding Schools U.S. Government officials took Ojibwe children from their homes and put them in boarding schools These schools prevented the children from speaking their language and practicing their customs and religion These schools did not provide a good education for Indian students

16. Boarding School

17. The Lac Courte Oreilles Band 1745 Bear Clan settled at abandoned camp near Hayward and named it Pahquahwong, “where the river is wide” Chief Aw-ke-wain-ze, “The Old Man”, walked all the way around the reservation lands making sure to choose an area with the best wild rice beds Unfortunately, logging and dam projects destroyed the wild rice beds

19. The Lac Courte Oreilles Band In 1912, a power company built a huge dam that flooded their reservation land The company promised to rebuild the village and replant wild rice beds Soon after the dam was rebuilt it flooded again and put the village under 25’ water 700 Indian graves were underwater New rice beds were impossible to regrow

20. The Lac du Flambeau Band Keesh-ke-mun (meaning Sharpened Stone), son of a Crane Clan chief led group to near Minocqua Fur trade center for French, then British By 1880s, the railroad ran there bringing loggers, settlers, businessmen Tourism became big and many Indians lost land to dishonest resort owners

22. The Red Cliff Band La Pointe Band, named after Madeline Island’s main village Several leaders, including Chief Buffalo, converted to Christians Fishing was very important, using birch bark canoes, cedar floats, stone sinkers Could not compete with commercial fleets on Lake Superior, by 1880s their small fishing operation was done

23. The Red Cliff Band Logging on the reservation began in 1870s but within 10 years nearly all timber gone! Tribe’s sawmill burned down in 1906 Some worked for mining and shipping companies, shops, factories, farmhands By 1930, almost 95% of Red Cliff members has sold or lost lands to non- Indians

25. The Bad River Band Unlike Red Cliff, these chiefs did not become Christians Moved along Lake Superior’s south shore with good wetlands rich with wild rice – called Odanah (Ojibwe work for “village”) Protestant missionaries established school and later became a Catholic school A private company controlled timber and cheated tribal members Bad River Band lost nearly half of its original homelands

27. The Sokaogan (Mole Lake) Band In 1700s another Ojibwe group settled near Rhinelander – promising wild rice Ki-chi-waw-be-sha-shi became powerful war chief, protected Ojibwe from enemy attacks in the east In 1806, fought last battle with the Dakota, more than 500 died

29. The Sokaogan (Mole Lake) Band Migiizi, Mole Lake leader, worked out treaty with U.S. government for 12 acres of land for Mole Lake Band in 1854 The two copies of the agreement got lost! Members of Mole Lake Band were left homeless and became “starving and destitute”, roaming Langlade and Forest counties

30. The St. Croix Band Left Madeline Island and established many villages along St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers No St. Croix chiefs signed 1854 treaty and no one knows why they were not given a land reservation Were landless until the 1930s

32. Indian Reorganization Act In 1934, ended allotment program and boarding school system U.S. government encouraged tribes to adopt constitutions similar to businesses Allowed tribes to get back some of their land (St. Croix, Mole Lake received more than 1,000 acres)

33. “termination and relocation” In 1950s, the U.S. government tried to remove them from reservations and into jobs in cities Change was difficult as the government did not keep promises to train Indians for jobs or find them good housing

34. “Red Power” Movement In the 1960s, two Ojibwe brothers founded American Indian Movement (AIM) Helped protest a dam near Hayward for the Lac Courte Oreilles in 1971 They finally received money for past flooding damages and won right to operate the dam

35. Battle over Spear-fishing Fred and Mike Tribble of Lac Courte Oreilles Nation were arrested for ice fishing on a lake off their reservation but within territory of Ojibwe fishing rights Lawsuit against state of WI by Lac Courte Oreilles Band preventing them from exercising their rights to hunt, fish, gather They won the lawsuit and other rulings A U.S. judge ruled that the Ojibwe – not the state – had the right to regulate tribal hunting and fishing off the reservation

36. Ojibwe Bands Today Beginning in early 1990s, opened casinos of all six reservations Casino money has helped the Ojibwe improve their schools and create jobs The “seventh generation” – they think about how their actions might affect those who follow up to seven generations in the future

37. Exit Ticket