1. South Africa: Apartheid

2. The Republic of South Africa is in the south of the African continent.

3. Bordering Countries of South Africa Northwest: Namibia North: Botswana Northeast: Zimbabwe and Mozambique East: Swaziland. Southwest: Atlantic Ocean Southeast: Indian Ocean Enclave: Lesotho

4. Physical Map South Africa is located at the southern tip of Africa. It has a long coastline of about 2,500 km (1,553 miles) and two oceans: Atlantic and Indian. The interior is a vast and flat land. The north is dry because of the desert. The mountain ranges are the Drakensberg Mountains and the Roggeveld Mountains.

5. Political Map Constitutional parliamentary republic 9 provinces Capital cities: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) Indipendence: from the UK in 1910 Population: 49 million people (70% black, 9% coloured, 9% white, 3% Asian) Languages: South African English and Africaans

6. Economy: One-fifth of the African Products are from South Africa The most important products are: Gold Diamonds Wine: the eighth producer in the world Tourism

7. Apartheid Apartheid: meaning “apartness,” was the system used by the South African government to exploit and dominate the country’s black population. Racial Segregation: From 1948-1994 Goal of Apartheid: Keep whites and blacks apart so that whites could control Africa’s wealth.

8. How was Apartheid Achieved? Although apartheid can be traced back to the colonization of the British, it did not become law until 1948. 1948 elections, the National Party campaigned for the Apartheid Laws There were 317 total Apartheid Laws

9. Practice of Apartheid 1. Legislation passed prohibiting miscegenation (mixed-race marriage.) 2. Individuals were classified into different ethnic groups: -White -Black -Asian -Coloured (mixed race) 3. The Groups Area Act: 1950 designed to geographically separate the racial groups.

10. 1.THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights. 2.THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began. 3.THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between 1950-1985, 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime. 4.THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white. 5.THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested. Grand Apartheid Laws

11. Early Protests Against Inequality Prominent leaders in South Africa protest the treatment of the blacks. Gandhi is the fourth from the left. Ghandi practiced PASSIVE RESISTANCE.

12. Homelands The Black majority were forced to live in “homelands” that were largely without plumbing or electricity Blacks would no longer be citizens of South Africa; rather they would become citizens of independent “homelands”. About 13% of the land was divided into 10 homelands for blacks-80% of the population Homelands prevented non-white people from having a vote.

14. Typical Homestead

16. Separate but Equal? HARDLY! Education, medical care, and other public services were sometimes claimed to be separate but equal, but those available to non-white people were inferior Blacks could not live or work in white areas unless they had a pass--nicknamed dompas (dumb pass in Afrikaans)

17. Apartheid Laws Trains and buses were segregated. Public beaches, libraries, swimming pools were racially segregated Black people were not allowed to employ white people Black police were not allowed to arrest whites Cinemas and theaters in “white areas” were not allowed to admit blacks. Taxis, graveyards, parks, pedestrian crossings, public toilets were also segregated

18. Mine Workers in South Africa Working conditions were terrible in the mines, with miners earning only a few dollars a day and being forced to be separate from their families for months or years at a time.

21. Passbooks Blacks and coloureds had to carry identity documents, which prevented them from migrating to white South Africa. Blacks were prohibited from living in or visiting ‘white towns’ Passbooks contained a photo, tax information, employment records, race classification, age, and prior arrests. Every black person, 16 years or older, must carry a passbook.

23. Checking Passbook

24. The International Community The United Nations and the International Criminal Court defined Apartheid as a “crime against humanity” at a convention in 1976. The African National Congress(ANC) began to take action

25. The world of sports against Apartheid South Africa was absent from international sport events for most of the apartheid era due to sanctions A lot of teams and champions refused to compete either in South Africa or against South Africa

26. How did the world react to Apartheid? A lot of countries boycotted South Africa during Apartheid: they refused to buy its products. Film and pop stars refused to perform in South Africa

27. The ANC They advocated open resistance in the form of strikes, acts of public disobedience, and protest marches They adopted a Freedom Charter, which had a vision of non-racial democratic state

28. Funeral and Protest

29. The Sharpeville Massacre A group of ANC members broke away from the white government and formed the more militant Pan African Congress (PAC) They wanted to have a series of nationwide demonstrations against the apartheid laws. In 1960, they gathered in a township called Sharpeville to protest against the ID cards. The crowd converged on the local police station, singing and offering themselves up for arrest for not carrying their passbooks.

30. Sharpeville Massacre A group of 300 police opened fire on the demonstrators, killing 69 and injuring 186. All victims were black and most had been shot in the back The government then banned ANC and the PAC

32. Resistance Underground The ANC decided to take up armed resistance to the government They still had peaceful protests, but also took on terrorist tactics, such as intimidation, bombing, murder and sabotage The Prime Minister declared a state of emergency and forces could detain people without a trial. Over 18,000 demonstrators were arrested, including many leaders of the ANC and PAC Together with ANC leader Nelson Mandela, they were charged with treason in 1964 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

33. Resistance The trial condemned by the UN Security Council and the international community started to force sanctions against the South African Government For example, they banned trade, which was an economic sanction. Sports teams were banned from international competition Tourism was boycotted

34. Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko and South African Students; Organization stressed the need for liberation, black pride and non-violent resistance In 1974, the government state that all black schools would use the Afrikaans language for instruction In 1976, students at Orlando West Junior School in Soweto went on strike, refusing to go to school Their protest spread to other schools and there was a mass rally, which turned violent. Police responded with bullets to stones thrown by the students The official death toll was recorded as 23, but some say it was as high as 200.

35. Photo of Sowento Riots showing a student carrying the body of Hector Pieterson, one of the first casualties

36. How did South Africans resist apartheid Through civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts, nonviolent demonstrations, armed struggle, and calling on the international community to divest (withdraw investments) from South Africa.

38. Organizations Against Apartheid

39. State of Emergency 1986-1990 1986, the South African government decided that the anti-apartheid movement was threatening all-white rule and cracked down on resistance. The government used mass arrests, torture, and rigged trials to crush opposition. More than 20,000 people were arrested. Resistance increased despite the harshness of the state of emergency.

41. Change of Leadership? Faced with increased resistance at home and international pressure, the South African government began to discuss change with the leaders of the anti-apartheid movement.

42. ANC (African National Congress) In 1990 the government legalized the ANC, South Africa’s largest antiapartheid party. The government released the the ANC party’s leaders from prison. In 1991 negotiations between the government and anti-apartheid leaders began.

43. F.W. de Clerk, South African President meets with Nelson Mandela, Leader of the ANC.

44. Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was released from prison after serving 27 years for resisting apartheid. Mandela was symbolic as the leader of anti-apartheid resistance.

45. Nelson Mandela in Prison Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

46. Culmination of Resistance: A True Democracy in South Africa The South African government agreed to hold all-party elections in 1994. Elections began April 27, 1994, and lasted for 5 days. Many voters traveled more than a day to reach the polls. Some waited in lines for 24 hours to vote for the first time in their lives.

47. April 1994 Election Results The ANC won 63% of the 20 million votes cast Nelson Mandela elected as South Africa’s first African president. By May 1996 the ANC and other South African parties agreed to write a new constitution

48. A New Government Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa.

50. New Challenges for South Africa Country still suffers from economic inequality 1996, the majority of the money, property and high level jobs were still in the hands of the white minority

51. The Head of State The President of the Republic is Mr. Jacob Zuma. He was born in 1942 and was elected by Parliament after the victory of his party in general election in 2009. His party is the African National Congress (ANC).