2. Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

3. The Second Great Awakening Rejected 18 th century Calvinist beliefs and focused on individual responsibility for salvation. Believed individuals could better themselves and society Revival- an emotional meeting used to awaken religious faith through prayer **Revivalism swept through the United States

4. 1. The Second Great Awakening 1. The Second Great Awakening “ Spiritual Reform From Within ” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women ’ s Rights Abolitionism

5. The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

6. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

7. The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. Charles G. Finney (1792 – 1895) “ soul-shaking ” conversion R1-2

8. The Mormon Migration Mormons, a religious community also know as the Latter- Day Saints, played a major role in settling the West Religion began in Western New York (1827) when Joseph Smith and five associates established the Church Smith and a growing band of followers moved West and settled in Nauvoo, Illinois (1839)

9. Joseph Smith Brigham Young

10. Within five years the community numbered 20,000. Many neighbors became angry and printed protests against polygamy and other practices of this early church Joseph Smith destroyed the towns printing press and was jailed for treason An anti- Mormon mob broke into the jail and murdered Smith and his brother

11. Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) eIf you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in the regeneration, God will cleanse you from all unrighteousness. eSet up first communities in New York and New England. Pooled all land, tools and labor eBelieved men and women were equal and refused to fight for any reason eRejected economic individualism and tried to withdraw from American society The Shakers R1-4

12. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

13. Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

14. Shaker Meeting

15. 2. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) 2. Transcendentalism (European Romanticism) eWanted an alternative to traditional religion, but found revivalism too public  “ Transcend ” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, the imagination to create an original relationship with the Universe.

16. Transcendentalist Thinking  Created a literary movement that stressed American ideas of freedom, optimism, and self-reliance  Believed in the good will (benevolence) of god and the divinity of the people  They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions

17. Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Walden (1854) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) “ The American Scholar ” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5

18. The Transcendentalist Agenda  Give freedom to the slave.  Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.  Give learning to the ignorant.  Give health to the sick.  Give peace and justice to society.

19. eTheir pursuit of the ideal (perfection) led to a distorted view of human nature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance A Transcendentalist Critic: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) eOne should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables

20. “The Pursuit of Perfection” In Antebellum America “The Pursuit of Perfection” In Antebellum America

21. 3. Utopian Communities

22. George Ripley (1802-1880) Utopian Communities Experimental groups that tried to create a “utopia” or perfect place 1841, George Ripley established Brook farm near Boston. **”prepare a society of liberal, intelligent and cultivated persons, whose relations with each other would permit a more wholesome and simple life.”-Purpose of Brook Farm

23. Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA George Ripley

24. Original Plans for New Harmony, IN New Harmony in 1832

25. New Harmony, IN

26. Schools and Prisons Undergo Reform By the mid 19 th century thousands of Americans joined together to fight the various social ills that plagued the U.S.

27. 4. Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) -Fought against the imprisonment of the mentally ill -Introduced Rehabilitation, treatment that would reform the sick and help them return to society R1-5/7

28. Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

29. 5. Educational Reform Before the mid 1800’s there was no education policy throughout the country  MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1 st state to establish tax support for local public schools.  By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

30. “ Father of American Education ” Horace Mann (1796-1859)  children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials  children should be “ molded ” into a state of perfection  discouraged corporal punishment  established state teacher- training programs R3-6

31. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers  Used religious parables to teach “ American values. ”  Teach middle class morality and respect for order.  Teach “ 3 Rs ” + “ Protestant ethic ” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

32. 6. “Separate Spheres” Concept “ Cult of Domesticity ”  A woman ’ s “ sphere ” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).  Her role was to “ civilize ” her husband and family. e An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

33. Women and Reform In the early 19 century women faced limitations- CULT OF DOMESTICITY Women played an active part in reform movements of the times. As they fought to improve conditions for other, they too realized they were second class citizens. Sought after equal rights

34. Early 19c Women 1.Unable to vote. 2.Legal status of a minor. 3.Single  could own her own property. 4.Married  no control over her property or her children. 5.Could not initiate divorce. 6.Couldn't ’ t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband ’ s permission.

35. What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way! R2-8

36. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery Angelina GrimkéSarah Grimké e Southern Abolitionists Lucy Stone eAmerican Women’s Suffrage Assoc. eedited Woman’s Journal R2-9 The 2 nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.

37. 7. Women’s Rights 1848- Women’s rights convention. -Listed grievances…..modeled declaration after the declaration of independence Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1848  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments R2-6/7

38. Seneca Falls Declaration

39. 8. Temperance Movement The Beecher Family 1826 - American Temperance Society “ Demon Rum ” ! The effort to prohibit the sale of alcohol R1-6 -Beecher lectured of the evils of liquor in 1825 -American Temperance society was formed in 1826 -By 1833 more than 6,000 temperance societies where around the country

40. “The Drunkard’s Progress” From the first glass to the grave, 1846

41. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

42. 9. Abolitionist Movement  1816  American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation. British Colonization Society symbol

43. Abolitionists Speak Out By the 1820’s more than 100 antislavery societies were advocating for the resettlement of blacks in Africa Many Africans did not want to return because they considered America their home. African Americans and whites (most Northern) joined together in public criticism of slavery ABOLITION- the call to outlaw slavery

44. Abolitionist Movement eCreate a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa. eNo real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s. GradualistsImmediatists

45. Anti-Slavery Alphabet

46. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879) eMost radical white abolitionist. Wrote The Liberator- which was a newspaper used to deliver antislavery message eImmediate emancipation with NO compensation to slaveholders. eSlavery was a moral, not an economic issue. eCaused a lot of tension between government, church and the people. R2-4

47. The Liberator Premiere issue  January 1, 1831 R2-5

48. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!

49. Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan Arthur Tappan James Birney eLiberty Party. eRan for President in 1840 & 1844.

50. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830) 1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World Book that encouraged Blacks to fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

51. Frederick Douglass (1817- 1895) 1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass 1847  “ The North Star ” R2-12

52. Fredrick Douglass Realized knowledge could be his “pathway from slavery to freedom” Escaped from slavery and fled to New York Read The Liberator and met Garrison Garrison and Douglass worked together speaking at functions and promoting abolition

53. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree 1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10 -Slave for over 30 years -Traveled the country preaching and arguing for abolition

54. Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) eHelped over 300 slaves to freedom. e$40,000 bounty on her head. eServed as a Union spy during the Civil War. “ Moses ”

55. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

56. The Underground Railroad

57.  “ Conductor ” ==== leader of the escape  “ Passengers ” ==== escaping slaves  “ Tracks ” ==== routes  “ Trains ” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves  “ Depots ” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

58. Tighter Control over slaves Many believed education and privilege inspire revolts Slave Codes were issued to make laws more strict limiting the action of slaves Example: slaves were forbidden to preach the gospel unless a slaveholder was present (make sure nothing was said to encourage slaves to revolt!)

59. Proslavery Defenses 1. Bible was cited- “servants to obey their masters” 2. Southern Slavery allowed blacks to be a vital part of the economic community Gave the picture of the happy Southern slave versus the Northern wage slave