1. Assessing the impact of different migrations in different locations

2. Background to recent EU migration trends The background to recent Eastern European begins with the EU Schengen Agreement in 1985. This abolished border controls between EU / European countries who signed up (the UK did not sign). Schengen enshrines the principle that people are citizens of the Europe and can move freely within it.

3. EU enlargement Enlargement occurred in 2004 when a large number of countries joined: Malta Cyprus And the ‘Accession 8’ (A8 countries) former eastern bloc countries: Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Slovenia Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary These 10 were joined by 2 more former eastern bloc countries in 2007 (A2 countries): Romania Bulgaria Most countries already within the EU chose not to allow free movement of the new EU citizens, into their countries. The exceptions to this were the UK, Ireland and Sweden. As non-Schnegen signatories it should, in theory, be easier for the UK and Ireland to control immigration. Sweden decided migration would be economically beneficial.

4. EU membership timeline1957197319811986199520042007FranceDenmarkGreecePortugalAustriaCyprusBulgaria West Germany IrelandSpainFinland Czech Republic Romania Netherlands United Kingdom. SwedenEstonia BelgiumHungary Luxemburg Latvia ItalyLithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia

5. The compulsory case study for migration to the UK You should have already made some basic case study notes on Eastern European migration, but we are going to focus more strongly on Poland Remember that the UK did not sign the Schengen agreement preferring to control their own borders but allowed migration from the A8 countries who joined the EU in 2004.Only the UK, Ireland and Sweden allowed this so had a massive influx of migration – but this will change as the other EU members have opened their borders and we may start losing migrants) Over 1 million migrants from eastern Europe have arrived in the UK since 2004 but the largest group have come from Poland 57% of the total

6. Explain where the most migrants came from and why they are attracted to the UK People come to the UK as it is seen as a tolerant place for migrants, it has many job opportunities, there is a lot of low skilled jobs that need filling (such as veg picking) and wages are higher than many in the home country. There is better amenities and services. (A better quality of life, with improved health care and education) There are many established ethnic groups which provide a home from home community.

7. A8 economic migrants Highest proportion of applicants were Polish (57% of the total), followed by Lithuanian (15%) and Slovak (11%) applicants.

8. The type of jobs they come over to do Why? Unemployment is high in Poland (at 20- 35%) 40% of the unemployment is youths - hence why it is younger generations coming to the UK low wages – around 40% of the European average (they take mainly low paid jobs here but that is still more than the wages they would get at home) 1.Admin & business36% 2.Hospitality & catering 20% 3.Agriculture11% 4.Manufacturing7% 5.Food processing5% Increase in admin/business Decrease in catering roles

9. Polish economic migrants Specific Pull factors The lifting of restrictions in the UK with the A8 countries joining the EU in May 2004 A8 nationals coming to the United Kingdom are legally allowed to work, if registered with the Government's Worker Registration Scheme Polish newspapers full of recruitment adverts from agencies Higher wages

10. Polish economic migrants Specific Push factors Increased insecurity and lower living standards in Poland Unemployment: 20 – 35% 40% youth unemployment rate. Low income levels per capita - around 40% of the European average Cuts in the public sector have meant that workers have faced falling real wages and an intensification of work. A reduction in farm subsidies is on the horizon in the form of the Hausner Plan.

11. The economic push and pull Its clear from this graph why people from the A8 countries are wanting to move to the UK, and in the future to other countries, when their average GDP is so much lower than the original EU15

12. The geographical pattern of Eastern European migrants in the UK City of London Boston Westminster Northampton South Holland Peterborough Fenland East Cambridgeshire Herefordshire Dungannon Within the UK the A8 migrants are spread out in a totally new pattern but many are concentrated in rural areas as well as cities – which brings problems to those areas as services may be strained.

13. They settle all over the UK but there is certain areas that they are found in abundance. Hotspot areas include:65000 in the east (vegetable picking), 59000 in London, 51000 in the Midlands and 32000 in Scotland. (fishing industry) Top areas include: City of London Boston (east) Westminster Northampton Peterborough Fenlands East Cambridge Scotland

14. Impact on population – a crowded island? 60% of immigrants concentrated in SE and London London set to regain ‘mega-city’ status. Ghettoisation an issue, as is volume of housing needed Some areas, such as Scotland will soon see falling populations Concentrations of people born outside the UK

15. Economic Impacts Social Impacts ++ -- ++ -- Source Country Host Country

16. Positive impacts: High skilled workforce Filled a skills gap Affordable labour Add 4-5% to regional output (W Mids) Adds to cultural diversity Increase in Catholic Church attendance Negative impacts Exploitation from agency ‘masters’ Driving down wages Language support needed Additional demands on services Perception & prejudice Impact in Poland Some of the other impacts of Easter European migrants

17. Summary (1) – migrants around 30 years old with vocational training or secondary education and some work experience – young migrants, just finished vocational training or secondary education: 80% of all A8 migrants to the UK are 18–34 years old; 18–24-year-olds form the largest age group (43% of total migrants) – young and unmarried migrants with a tertiary education keen to brush up their language skills and attain some working experience abroad – highly-educated specialists with work experience Eastern European migrants who have moved to the UK have done so mainly for work. They include:

18. Summary (2) – The vast majority of the 800,000 to 1 million migrants who have come to the UK since 2004 are from Poland. – There are also significant numbers from Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia. – These migrants represent 4–5% of the labour force of their source countries (2007).

19. Summary (3) In the past, immigration has tended to concentrate in urban areas. The distribution of A8 migrants is highly unusual. Many have settled in rural areas and work on farms and in food processing. The UK’s A8 rural hotspots are: Boston, Peterborough, Fenland, Herefordshire and Dungannon. In 2007 10% of the people living in some rural areas were immigrants. Many of these areas had previously experienced emigration.

20. Summary (4) Temporary immigrants send about 25% of their earnings home as remittances. Immigrants who plan to settle in the UK send only about 8% home. For Poland, this income amounted to around €6.4 billion in 2006, or 2.5% of Polish gross national income (GNI). Average earnings in the UK for the Poles are only about £6 per hour. There is also a growing problem with worker exploitation as unscrupulous gangs prey on A8 workers. A significant brain drain is also occurring. For some A8 countries, the loss of its more able workforce is significant.

21. Migration Case Study 2: the Costa del Sol, Spain

23. Migration to the Costas The Spanish Costas have long been a popular destination for Northern Europeans 1.8 million properties are foreign owned, with 600,000 of them being British A lot of them are holiday owned, but a large number are permanent residents 60% of migrants are over 45, with a large part of this being a retired population, business owners and property speculators

24. What has lead to people migrating The weather Lower property prices Lower tax rates 50 – 60% lower utility bills A reduction in ‘distance’ i.e.: – Rise of low cost air lines – Long term road building programme in Spain – Increased internet use

25. Problems of moving to the Costa’s For retirees: – A lack of care (through state and families) – Large health care bills – Isolated retirement communities and designed for people in good health, not for people who are frail The natural beauty of the area has been ruined due to massive coastal development Water supply is a huge issue with an increasing population New arrivals fail to integrate with the locals Inflation of property prices

26. Managing Migration PolicyAdvantagesDisadvantages Border ControlsPhysical borders, policing, passports and visas all gov’s to count people in and out Cost of installing systems – UK’s border control runs at £2 billion. May put of potential highly skilled migrants Work PermitsAllows temporary workers to be controlled and matched to skills shortages Can be abused, with some not leaving when their time is up and becoming illegal immigrants Refugees and asylum seekersPrestige gained by accepting vulnerable groups and respecting human rights Public may perceive refugees and asylum seekers as a cost with few benefits attached. Asylum system is costly. IntegrationCitizenship tests such as in the UK and USA might help integration by expecting a basic level of language and understanding of cultural norms Critics argue passing a test does not prevent social tensions and racism