1. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20031 Big Iron Almira Williams and Stéphane Mondoloni, Ph.D. CSSI, Inc. Washington D.C. Diana Liang, Steve Bradford, and Richard Jehlen FAA Washington D.C. CSSI, Inc.

2. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20032 Outline The Big Iron Concept Future Airspace Operations Big Iron Pro’s and Con’s Description of Research –Simulation Model –Financial Model Summary

3. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20033 The Big Iron Concept Ground based decision support for: –Aircraft Operators (indirectly for unequipped) –Air Traffic Service Providers –Airline Operation Centers Centralized information assembly and processing –Surveillance –Weather –NAS Status –Other Advisories

4. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20034 Future Airspace Operations Shift authority for separation and trajectory alterations to appropriately equipped aircraft and their crews –Free Flight –Distributed Air-Ground Traffic Management (DAG-TM) –Delegated Responsibilities Key Players: ATSP, Equipped aircraft, Non-equipped aircraft, and AOCs Automated and on-demand decision support Common information

5. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20035 FIS TIS SWIM Future Airspace Operations: Information Flow & DS National Weather Service Automet Airborne Weather Observation Position/Intent Planning Data Voice ADS-B DSDL CPDL CPC Equipped Aircraft Non-Eq. Aircraft Air Traffic Service Provider Airline Operations Center AOC DL Operations, Maintenance Equipped Aircraft ADS-B Negotiation DSDL SWIM & DS ?

6. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20036 Big Iron: Pro’s and Con’s Expected advantages: –Homogeneous aeronautical information –Versatility and access to new applications and resources –Enhanced predictability of trajectories of other users –Potential cost-effectiveness Expected disadvantages: –Additional strain on communication links –System-preferred as opposed to the user-preferred trajectory re-planning solution

7. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20037 Big Iron Research Air/Ground Communications Simulation Model –Discrete event –Controller/Pilot and DS message flow –Data link Financial Model –Compares costs of equipping fleet with on-board (distributed) vs. centralized decision support –Aircraft, Airline and NAS-level analysis

8. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20038 Air/Ground Communications Simulation Model Morning rush operations forecasted for 2015 Three centers: ZID, ZAU, and ZOB Fleet equipage levels (%): 20, 40, 60, 80, & 100 Decision support message sizes (Kb): 0 (DS messages not implemented), 25, 50, 75, 100, & 125 Probability of DS message request upon sector entry: 25% CPDL and DSDL via VDL Mode 3 Other supporting services fully operational (TIS, FIS, etc.)

9. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 20039 VDL Mode 3 Supports time critical A/G data link applications and digital voice Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology Four virtual channels per single 25 KHz frequency assignment Effective data rate 19.2 kbps per channel Simultaneous transmission of voice and data to/from multiple aircraft

10. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200310 Simulation Results 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 Delay (sec)

11. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200311 Simulation Results

12. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200312 Simulation Results

13. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200313 Simulation Results

14. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200314 Potential Cost Effectiveness Installation, maintenance, certification and upgrade Many airborne vs. few ground based DST Major airline investments vs. FAA investments Introduction of new applications/resources

15. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200315 Financial Model Determine the number of years that would be necessary for benefits to outweigh the investment Aircraft retro-fitting vs. forward-fitting costs (typical) Cost data based on historical data from recent FAA and airline investments (host replacement, ERAM, FMS, TCAS, etc.) Typical, best and worst case

16. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200316 Financial Model Results: Payoff Period * Best CaseTypical CaseWorst Case Single Aircraft 1 vs. 11 vs. 42 vs. >30 NAS-wide 2 vs. 34 vs. 77 vs. >30 * Ground based centralized DST vs. on-board decentralized DST (year)

17. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200317 Summary Big Iron assures uniformity of aeronautical information Increased A/G message traffic can be accommodated and would not decrease the quality of air/ground communications Airlines would likely recover their required investment within the first year of operations

18. CSSI, Inc. EUROCONTROL/FAA ATM R&D June, 200318 Contact Info Almira Williams awilliams@cssiinc.com CSSI, Inc. http://www.cssiinc.com