1. Ch 10.3

2. THE PATH TO WAR Before we learned: After Jefferson acquired the Louisiana Purchase, the nation doubled in size. Now we will learn: The nation gained confidence and worldwide respect as a result of the War of 1812.

3. Embargo Act of 1807 - law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships Tecumseh - Shawnee chief who sought to stop the loss of Native American land to white settlers war hawk - westerner who supported the War of 1812 Oliver Hazard Perry - naval officer who led the U.S. victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813 Tribute - payment in exchange for protection Impressment - the act of seizing by force; between 1803 and 1812, the British impressed, or kidnapped, about 6,000 American sailors to work on British ships Coercion - practice of forcing someone to act in a certain way by use of pressure or threats

4. THE WAR OF 1812 Key Question: What conflicts with other nations did the United States have in the early 1800s?

5. THE PATH TO WAR The Path to War The U.S. was paying tribute, protection money, to Tripoli so that the Barbary pirates would not harass U.S. ships. The pasha (ruler) of Tripoli wanted more money. In response Jefferson sent Stephen Decatur in February 1804 to destroy the U.S. ship Philadelphia which was under the control of the pirates. Decatur set the ship on fire and escaped while under enemy fire! The war with Tripoli showed how hard it was for the U.S. to stay out of foreign affairs while citizens were involved in overseas trade.

6. THE PATH TO WAR Problems with France and England War broke out between France and Great Britain in 1803. The U.S. wanted to stay neutral, but Great Britain seized U.S. ships heading to France and France captured ships heading to Great Britain. Great Britain was in dire need of sailors for their navy and so enforced the policy of impressment, or kidnapping, American merchant sailors. Between 1803 and 1812, the British impressed about 6,000 Americans to work on British ships!

7. THE PATH TO WAR No More Trade Instead of declaring war, Jefferson banned all foreign trade. He called this “peaceable coercion.” In December, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, which forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports as well as British ships from sailing to American ports. U.S. farmers lost key markets, shippers lost income, and many chose to violate the embargo by making false claims about where they were going. The embargo was a major issue during the election of 1808, and James Madison won the Presidency. By then, Congress repealed the act. Madison created a law that allowed the US. to trade with any nation other than Britain and France. Trade with these two countries would resume when they respected U.S. ships. Neither the embargo or this law was successful.

8. THE PATH TO WAR Tecumseh and Native American Unity Americans were mad at the British for interfering with their ships, impressment, and they believed the British were trying to stop U.S. expansion in the Northwest by stirring up Native American resistance to frontier settlement. Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief vowed to stop the U.S. from taking their land. When the governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, bought 3 million acres of land from the Miami, Delaware, and Potawatomi tribe, Tecumseh called the treaty void. Tecumseh wanted all tribes to unite to stop American expansion. He said all treaties must be approved by all tribes. While gathering troops, Harrison’s forces defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh then sided with the British in Canada. Tecumseh was welcomed in Canada which increased anti-British feelings in the west.

9. Key Question What conflicts with other nations did the United States have in the early 1800s? THINK ABOUT United States war with Tripoli over the payment of tribute. What is tribute? British and French seized U.S. ships the Embargo Act of 1807 and “peaceable coercion”. What is coercion?

10. THE WAR OF 1812 Key Question What were the effects of the War of 1812? THINK ABOUT military wins increased patriotism, confidence about nation’s future Native Americans weakened without British support Americans forced to begin manufacturing goods previously imported

11. THE WAR OF 1812 Some Americans were fed up with the British (especially the westerners) and wanted war with Britain. Northeasterners who did business with Great Britain were not so eager. The U.S. government wanted to show Americans they could protect their country and on June 18, 1812, President Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain.

12. THE WAR OF 1812 Phase 1 Great Britain concentrated on it’s war with France. They did sent ships to blockade the American coast. Although the U.S. military was small, the U.S. Navy won victories with ships such as the Constitution and the United States. U.S. confidence was boosted.

13. THE WAR OF 1812 Phase 1: Triumph on Lake Erie The most important U.S. naval victory took place on Lake Erie. In September 1813, the British set off across the lake to attack the U.S. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry sailed out to meet them in his ship the Lawrence which flew a banner that read, “Don’t give up the ship” and for two hours the ships exchanged canon fire. Perry’s ship was demolished by the British and the guns put out of action- but Perry did not give up. While still being fired at, Perry and four companions escaped and rowed to another ship. He took control of this ship and forced the British to surrender!

14. THE WAR OF 1812 Phase 1: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” This message was sent to General William Harrison from Perry. When General Harrison learned this, he set out to attack the British by transporting his army across Lake Erie to Detroit. He found the British already retreated into Canada! Harrison pursued the British and defeated them at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813. This battle ended the British threat in the Northwest and killed Tecumseh, who was fighting for the British.

15. THE WAR OF 1812 Phase 2: The second phase of the war took place after the British defeated Napoleon in Europe in April of 1814. The British were now free to put all their forces against the U.S. In August of 1814, the British were marching to Washington, D.C. and President Madison and other officials fled D.C. President Madison’s wife, Dolley, stayed behind to save important objects from the White House. She escaped right before the British burned down the White House.

16. THE WAR OF 1812 After burning the Capital, the British attacked Fort McHenry in Baltimore. While detained on a British ship, Washington lawyer named Francis Scott Key watched the all-night battle. At dawn he saw the U.S. flag was still flying. He then wrote the poem, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which became our national anthem. Meanwhile, the British sent a force across Lake Champlain from Canada. Their goal was to push south and cut off New England. The plan failed when the U.S. defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Champlain in September 1814.

17. The Battle of New Orleans In the South, the British moved towards the port of New Orleans, Louisiana. In December 1814, dozens of ships carrying 7,500 British troops approached the coastline of Louisiana. The Americans patched together an army under General Andrew Jackson in order to defend themselves. The British attacked Jackson’s forces on January 8, 1815. The Americans had a strong victory. Casualties: 71 Americans were dead; 2,000 British dead This battle made Jackson a hero. The problem was….the War of 1812 was already over! Two weeks prior, the Americans and British signed the Treaty of Ghent. Due to slow mail, the forces did not know this!

18. THE TREATY OF GHENT SHOWED THAT THE WAR OF 1812 HAD NOT CLEAR WINNER. The Legacy of the War of 1812 No territory changed hands and trade disputes were left unresolved. Ex. Nothing was done about British impressment, but British-held territory in the American Northwest led to American expansion and settlement in that area. American patriotism increased with heroes such as Jackson and Perry. The war broke the strength of the Native Americans who had sided with the British. Americans were forced to make goods they previously imported when trade was interrupted. This led to the growth of American manufacturing. Increased optimism about the nation’s future since the U.S. had defended itself against one of the mightiest military powers. Americans believed their nation would survive and prosper.