1. Unit #3 Diversity and Interdependence of Life Unit Objectives…The student will... 1. Describe how matter cycles and energy flows through different levels of organization in living systems and between living systems and the physical environment. Sec. 22-1 Explain how some energy is stored and much is dissipated into the environment as thermal energy (e.g., food webs and energy pyramids). Sec. 22-1 2. Describe how cells and organisms acquire and release energy (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, cellular respiration and fermentation). Sec. 6-1, 2, 7-1, 2 3. Explain that living organisms use matter and energy to synthesize a variety of organic molecules (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids) and to drive life processes (e.g., growth, reacting to the environment, reproduction and movement).

4. Unit #3 Diversity and Interdependence of Life *Explain (ex.) what each element will do to form an octet. (Gain –1, lose +1 etc.) 1s ______ 2s ______ 2p ______ ______ ______ 3s ______ 3p ______ ______ ______ 4s ______ 3d ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 4p ______ ______ ______ 5s ______ 4d ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 5p ______ ______ ______ 6s ______ 4f ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 5d ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 6p ______ ______ ______ 7s ______ 5f ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 6d ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

9. Photosynthesis Chlorophyll 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light -------------------) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Enzymes Reactants: Water, Carbon dioxide, Radiant Energy Products: Sugar, Oxygen Catalysts: Chlorophyll, Enzymes Chloroplast Structure p.112 Chloroplast’s consist of flattened sacs called thylakoids. Stacks of these thylakoids resemble stacks of coins, these stacks are called grana. A chloroplast usually contains dozens of grana. The area inside the thylakoid is called the lumen (thylakoid space). The fluid and area outside the thylakoid is called the stroma. The inner membrane of the chloroplast provides a membrane for light absorption as well as providing a barrier for the hydrogen ions to diffuse across for the process of chemiosmosis Light Reactions p.114 The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. Photons are packets of radiant energy that strike pigment molecules. The pigment molecules, chlorophyll and the carotenoids, are able to absorb this light. When the pigments absorb light, some of their electrons become boosted and get “excited”. Carotenoids assist in photosynthesis by absorbing light of different wavelengths than chlorophyll. The electron transport chain consists of proteins (carrier molecules) that pass the excited electrons from one molecule to another. Some of the energy from the electron transport chain is used to fuel the hydrogen (proton) pump.

10. The proton pump creates a concentration gradient, more hydrogen on the inside of the thylakoid membrane than on the outside. This allows hydrogen to diffuse, through chemiosmosis, across the thylakoid membrane. Chemiosmosis provides energy for the synthesis of ATP. Oxygen gas is produced when enzymes split several water molecules. The water molecules are split in order to provide electrons and hydrogen for the production of NADPH+ during the light reactions. When two water molecules are split, each of their oxygen atoms join together to form one molecule of oxygen gas. Some of the products that are made in the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle, specifically NADPH and ATP. NADPH and ATP combine with other substances to form PGAL, this substance is used to form glucose. Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle The dark reactions take place in the stroma. The Calvin cycle begins when RuBP, Ribulose Biphosphate, combines with CO 2 (carbon dioxide) to form an unstable six-carbon sugar molecule. The six-carbon sugar molecule breaks into to two molecules of PGA. The PGA combines with the ATP and NADPH to form a three-carbon molecule called PGAL. Most of the PGAL is used to remanufacture RuBP, however, some of the PGAL is used to make glucose. Two molecules of PGAL make one molecule of glucose. ATP ATP is made up of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. ATP is made of three basic parts: A nitrogen base, a 5-carbon sugar, and three phosphate groups. Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, the energy of ATP may be used immediately without going through a series of chemical reactions. Is structurally similar to the nucleotides of DNA, except it includes three phosphate groups instead of one.