1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Chpt. 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

4. Macromolecules Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids Polymers ( many parts) constructed of Monomers

5. Connecting Monomers- Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

6. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

7. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction  joining monomers  loss of water molecule Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

8. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction  joining monomers  loss of water molecule Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule

9. Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction  this takes energy Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule (reaction occurs b/c of enzymes)

10. Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers

11. Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

12. Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

13. Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

14. Hydrolysis-  Breaking apart polymer  Adding water molecule Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water)  Adding water molecule

15. Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

16. Carbohydrates-  Function = fuel  Structure = 3 types:

17. Carbohydrates- structure:

18. 1) Monosaccharides Single Sugar molecule = structure

20. Monosaccharides  fuel for cellular use = function ex. glucose

21. Monosaccharides  Single Sugar  Fuel for cellular function  BTW: form rings in aqueous solution

22. Monosaccharides -  Multiple of CH 2 O ex. C 6 H 12 O 6

23. Monosaccharides - KETOSE- C=O off middle ALDOSE - C=O-H from end

24. 2) Disaccharides

25. two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis)

26. 2) Disaccharides two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis)

27. 2) Disaccharides

28. 3) Polysaccharides many monomers = structure

29. Polysaccharides Functions: energy storage glycogen (animal) starch (plant)

30. Polysaccharides  Functions: Structural/ support polysaccharides = cellulose chitin

32. Do you see the difference?

34. Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

35. Lipids- Types:  Fats  Phospholipid  Steriods

36. Why are these molecules hydrophobic ???????????????????

37. Lipids- (hydrophobic)  1) Fats  1) Fats - functions: -energy storage -insulation / cushion

38. Fats- Fats- structure  3 Glycerol (alcohol) +  Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Energy storage Cushion

39. Fats- Fats- structure  3 Glycerol (alcohol)  Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Energy storage Cushion +3 fatty acid chains

46. Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +

47. Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains +

48. Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

49. Types of Lipids: Phospholipids-  1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

50. Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- Phosphate group = hydrophilic Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Cell membrane

51. Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails WATER

52. Types of Lipids: 3) Steroids  C-skeleton = 4 fused rings + functional group  cholesterol, sex hormones, sheath of neurons

53. Macromolecules (large molecules):  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

54. Amino Acids C R H carboxyl amino group 20 types 20 types

55. Proteins- Structure = one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

56. Proteins-  one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

57. Amino Acids C R H carboxyl amino group 20 types 20 types Determined by various side chains

58. Amino Acids

59. Evolutionary Significance All living things use various combinations of the SAME twenty amino acids. A VERY POWERFUL bit of evidence for the connection of all living things!

60. Proteins- functions = support, storage, signaling, transport of substances, signaling, enzymes.

61. Proteins- 4 levels of structure  1) Primary - precise, linear sequence of amino acids. amino - - carboxyl groupgroup

62. Sequence of a.a. determines HOW the protein works Form follows function

63. Isoleucine (Ile) Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro) Leucine (Leu) Valine (Val) Alanine (Ala) Nonpolar Glycine (Gly)

64. Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln)Threonine (Thr) Polar Serine (Ser) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr)

65. Electrically charged Aspartic acid (Asp) Acidic Basic Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys)Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His)

67. Proteins: 4 levels of structure  2) Secondary - folded portions of chain/H-bonds -Alpha helix (coil) -Beta helix (pleated sheet)

69. Abdominal glands of the spider secrete silk fibers that form the web. The radiating strands, made of dry silk fibers, maintain the shape of the web. Spider silk: a structural protein Containing  pleated sheets The spiral strands (capture strands) are elastic, stretching in response to wind, rain, and the touch of insects.

70. Proteins- 4 levels of structure  3) Tertiary  3) Tertiary - -3-D -bonding between side chains (3 types)

72. Proteins- 4 levels of structure  4) Quaternary  4) Quaternary - -several polypeptide chains

73. insulin

74. Catalase - we will use this in our lab!

76. Red blood cell shape Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. Red blood cell shape Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape.

77. Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Normal hemoglobin Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Sickle-cell hemoglobin Quaternary structure Normal hemoglobin (top view) Function Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Quaternary structure Sickle-cell hemoglobin Function Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced. Exposed hydrophobic region  subunit POINT!

80. Nucleic Acids-  DNA  RNA Programs ALL cellular function

81. Nucleic Acids- Composed of: nitrogenous base, 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group = NUCLEOTIDE

84. Nitrogenous Bases-  Pyrimidines - (T,C, U)  Purines -(A,G) bases are complementary: