1. Macromolecules! United Streaming Intro Video

2. Chemistry of Carbon Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of life. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the main components of a living cell. CHNOPS

3. Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by polymerization (large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together). Small units= monomers Monomers join together to form polymers

4. 1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 Primary Function: Provide and store energy Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

5. Simple Sugars The monomer of carbohydrates= monosaccharide Monosaccharides= a single sugar molecule – Ex: glucose, fructose, and galactose Table sugar, sucrose, consists of glucose and fructose. It is a disaccharide made by joining two simple sugars

6. Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide= many monosaccharides – Animals store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen – Plants store excess sugar in a polysaccharide called starch

8. 2. Lipids Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes The primary functions of lipid macromolecules are to insulate, store energy, and make up cell membranes.

10. Lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids

11. There are two groups of fatty acids--saturated and unsaturated. unsaturated refers to the presence of one or more double bonds between carbons saturated fatty acid has all bonding positions between carbons occupied by hydrogens.

13. 3. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and phosphorous. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides Nucleotide: 5-Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

14. Nucleotide

15. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information – 2 kinds: DNA and RNA Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) control cell activities by directing protein synthesis.

16. 4. Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide. Protein= one or more polypeptide

17. Protein molecules that are assembled in cells carry out most of the cells’ work. The function of each protein molecule depends on its specific conformation. The sequence of amino acids and the shape of the chain are a consequence of attractions between the chain’s parts.

18. Some proteins are structural (hair, nails). Others function in transport (hemoglobin), movement (muscle fibers and cytoskeletal elements), defense (antibodies), and regulation of cell functions (hormones and enzymes).