1. Chapter 9.2 & 9.3

2. Energy is essential for life and for the cell’s organelles to do their work. Autotroph - An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy – rich compounds. Photosynthesis - The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars which in turn are converted into compound sugars such as starches, which stores energy. This energy from the sun is the start of food chains and food webs which give energy to all living things.

3. Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen or the process can be written as: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

5.  Epidermis - is the outer layer of cells that acts like a protective “skin” for the leaf.  Cuticle – waxy waterproof coating over the epidermis

6.  stoma/stomata - In the lower epidermis are openings that act like the lungs of the plant in that they allow gas exchange — letting CO2 into the inner plant tissues for photosynthesis and then allowing O2 out as a waste product of photosynthesis.  guard cell – two cells that surround the stoma and allow it to open and close

7.  palisade mesophyll - The mesophyll in the upper part of the leaf is made up of tightly packed cells, full of chloroplasts  spongy mesophyll - The mesophyll in the lower part of the leaves is made up of loosely packed cells

9.  ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is an energy source produced during photosynthesis and cellular respiration and consumed by many enzymes and a multitude of cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division.cellsmetabolism photosynthesiscellular respiration enzymesbiosynthetic reactionsmotilitycell division  ADP (adenosine diphosphate) - ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule. The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life.  ATP is created during light-dependent reactions the ATP is then used to fuel the light-independent reaction to produce simple sugars (glucose) for the plant to use

10.  Pigment – molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight  Chlorophyll – pigment that absorbs most wavelengths except green Plants have several kinds of pigments. They play an important role in capturing light energy for the photosynthesis. Pigments are responsible for the colors we see in leaves because they reflect light at that wavelength. Accessory pigments – Shown when chlorophyll is gone. Anthocyanins reflect red light Carotenoids reflect yellow light

11.  Chromatography - An analytical technique used for the separation of the components of complex mixtures  R f value - It is the distance travelled by the sample or analyte divided by distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography. For example, if a compound travels 2.1 cm and the solvent front travels 2.8 cm, the R f is 0.75

12. Where does photosynthesis take place:  In a plant?  In a leaf?  In a plant cell?

13.  thylakoid- The specialized membrane structures in which photosynthesis (Light dependent reactions) takes place and where pigments are located. Internal membranes in the chloroplast where the light reaction chemicals are embedded. Collections of thylakoids form the grana. photosynthesischloroplast light reactiongrana  grana/granum - A series of stacked thylakoid disks containing chlorophyll; found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts.thylakoid chlorophyllchloroplasts  Stroma - The matrix surrounding the grana in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. The area between membranes (thylakoids, grana) inside the chloroplast where the (light independent reaction) takes place.grana chloroplaststhylakoids

14. Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen or the process can be written as: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

15. Photosynthesis Animation 6 CO 2 12 H 2 O Reactants: Products: C 6 H 12 O 6 6H2O6H2O 6O26O2 Figure 10.4

16. Light Dependent Reactions The light-dependent reactions take place inside the chloroplasts in stacks of thylakoids called granum. Light from the sun is absorbed by plant pigments such as chlorophyll. The energy from sunlight is used to split molecules of water. The gas oxygen is produced and returned to the atmosphere. The remaining H + ions and electrons (e - 's) are used to recharge the energy carrying molecules needed for the light-independent reactions: ADP is recharged to become ATP NADP + is recharged to become NADPH

17. The light-dependent reactions convert ADP and NADP + into energy carriers ATP and NADPH A byproduct of this process is oxygen gas http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter10/animations.html # http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter10/animations.html #

18. 2 stages of the light dependent reactions occur in: Photosystem II Photosystem I Both occur in the thylakoid membrane

19. Mill makes ATP e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– Photon Photosystem II Photosystem I e–e– e–e– NADPH Photon A good analogy of the light dependent reactions

20. The splitting or decomposition of a chemical compound by means of light energy or photons.decomposition compoundlightenergyphotons For example, the photolysis of water molecule in photosynthesis occurred under the influence of light. When photons are absorbed, it causes the hydrogen to bind to an acceptor, subsequently releasing the oxygen.watermolecule photosynthesis lightphotons hydrogenacceptoroxygen

21.  Photosystem I  Photosystem II  Electron transport chain  NADP + /NADPH

22. Mill makes ATP e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– e–e– Photon Photosystem II Photosystem I e–e– e–e– NADPH Photon Photosynthesis begins when light strikes a pigment in photosystem II Energy from the light is absorbed by electrons (e - ) These electrons are passed along to photosystem I using an electron transport chain a series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane As they travel, they transfer energy to proteins which pump H + ions into the inner thylakoid To replace the lost electrons, a molecule of water is split, creating 2 H +, O - and 2 e -

23. By pumping H+ ions to one side of the membrane, a concentration gradient is created Which direction will the H+ ions want to move? To get across the membrane, H+ moves through a protein called ATP synthase This protein uses the movement of H+ ions to power the creation of ATP  ADP + P  ATP

24. Chemiosmosis - Chemiosmosis relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration in the Electron transport chain ATPhydrogenmembrane Takes place at ATP Synthase McGraw-Hill Flash animation illustrating ATP production by chemiosmosis in a eukaryotic mitochondrion.

25. When the sunlight excites electrons, they gain energy In order to move these electrons you need a carrier NADPH carries two electrons from the light reactions to the dark reactions where they can be used NADPH – Energy Carrier molecule

26. The electrons from photosystem II eventually end up at photosystem I, where they are re-energized They move through photosystem I, until they are picked up by NADP+, which becomes NADPH

27. As a result of the light reactions, we have the following:  ATP  2 NADPH  O 2 as a byproduct  What will the O 2 be used for? Both are energy sources to be used in the dark reactions

28.  Light Independent Reactions The light-independent phase is sometimes called the "dark" phase because it does not rely directly upon sunlight. The light independent reactions take place in the fluid of the chloroplast called the stroma. The energy carrying molecules ATP and NADPH, which were recharged in the light dependent reactions, are used to incorporate the gas carbon dioxide into molecules that make the sugar called glucose. This sugar (glucose) has the formula C 6 H 12 O 6. This set of reactions, powered by ATP and NADPH, is collectively called the Calvin cycle.

29.  Calvin cycle – Second Phase or “Dark” Phase of Photosynthesis which turns carbon dioxide into sugars in the stroma  Carbon fixation – step one of the Calvin cycle  RuBP – Unstable 5 carbon sugar called ribulase biphosphate that bonds to a CO 2 during carbon fixation  PGAL – 3 carbon sugars with higher energy bonds formed during the Calvin Cycle

30. The twelve 3-carbon molecules are converted to high energy forms The energy for this change comes from ATP and NADPH Two of the twelve molecules are used to create a 6 carbon sugar, known as glucose The remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are converted back to six 5-carbon molecule and used in the next cycle  This process requires energy

31. To start, 6 CO 2 molecules enter from the atmosphere They combine with six 5-carbon molecules (RuBP) This creates twelve 3-carbon molecules (PGAL) + = + 6 6 66 66

33. Amount of Sun Light or Artificial Light Amount of Carbon Dioxide Amount of Water The Temperature Why?

34. Photosynthesis takes place inside organelles called chloroplasts. The process of photosynthesis can be broken into two major parts: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. Light Dependent Reactions The light-dependent reactions take place inside the chloroplasts in stacks of thylakoids called granum. Light from the sun is absorbed by plant pigments such as chlorophyll. The enegy from sunlight is used to split molecules of water. The gas oxygen is produced and returned to the atmosphere. The remaining H + ions and electrons (e - 's) are used to recharge the energy carrying molecules needed for the light-independent reactions: ADP is recharged to become ATP NADP + is recharged to become NADPH Light Independent Reactions The light-independent phase is sometimes called the "dark" phase because it does not rely directly upon sunlight. The light independent reactions take place in the fluid of the chloroplast called the stroma. The energy carrying molecules ATP and NADPH, which were recharged in the light dependent reactions, are used to incorporate the gas carbon dioxide into molecules that make the sugar called glucose. This sugar has the formula c 6 h 12 o 6. This set of reactions, powered by ATP and NADPH, is collectively called the calvin cycle. Overall Reaction The overall reaction for photosynthesis is sometimes written this way: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen