1. Matter and Energy

2. Chemical Energy Starch molecule Glucose molecule -- chemical potential energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) -- molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds energy stored in bonds

3. Chemical Energy -- ATP transfers energy from food breakdown to cell organelles -- energy is released / phosphate group is removed ( ATP  ADP ) -- energy is stored / phosphate group is added ( ADP  ATP ) as chemical potential energy

4. Chemical Energy energy stored in the bond between phosphates -- Carbohydrates are commonly broken down to make ATP -- carbs are not stored in large amounts ( used quickly ) -- up to 36 ATP from one glucose AA

5. Chemical Energy -- Fats store the most energy --80% of energy stored in your body -- about 146 ATP per triglyceride -- Proteins are less likely to be broken down to make ATP -- amino acids not needed for energy

6. Chemical Energy -- a few types of organisms do not need sunlight / photosynthesis as a source of energy -- they live in places that never get sunlight -- chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon - based molecules. Video : https :// www. youtube. com / watch ? v = D 69 hGvCsWgA https :// www. youtube. com / watch ? v = D 69 hGvCsWgA

7. Photo - synthesis -- the overall process produces sugars that store energy -- photosynthetic organisms are called producers -- producers capture sunlight to make their own chemical energy -- photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars

8. Photo - synthesis -- chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy -- chlorophyll is found in plants in organelles called chloroplasts -- photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts

9. Photo - synthesis -- photosynthesis takes place in two parts of the chloroplast -- grana ( thylakoids ) -- stroma chloroplast stroma grana (thylakoids)

10. Photo - synthesis -- light - dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight -- take place in thylakoids -- water & sunlight needed -- chlorophyll absorbs energy -- energy transferred along thylakoid membranes -- oxygen is released

11. Photo - synthesis -- light - independent reactions make sugars -- take place in stroma -- needs carbon dioxide -- uses energy to build sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

12. Photo - synthesis -- the equation for the overall process is : 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 chloroplast 1 2 43 energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) Reactants Products

13. Light - dependent reactions -- part 1 ( summary ): 1) light is absorbed, 2) water is split, 3) O 2 released, 4) ATP is made.

14. Light - dependent reactions -- photosystem II : 1) chlorophyll absorbs light energy 2) energized electrons enter electron transport chain, 3) water split, 4) O 2 released, 5) hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membranes.

15. Light - dependent reactions -- photosystem I : 1) chlorophyll absorbs light energy 2) energized electrons enter are used to make NADPH, 3) NADPH is transferred to light - independent reactions, 4) ATP made when H + flows through channel proteins

16. Light - independen t reactions -- part 2 ( summary ): 1) occur in stroma, 2) CO 2 used, 3) O 2 released, 4) sugar made.

17. Light - independen t reactions 1) CO 2 enters Calvin cycle 2) energy used to rearrange carbon 3)3- carbon molecules are made 4)2 (3- C molecules ) joined to make glucose.

18. Cellular Respiratio n -- overall process converts sugar into ATP using oxygen -- is aerobic ( requires oxygen ) -- aerobic stages take place in mitochondria mitochondrion animal cell

19. Cellular Respiratio n --1 st step : glycolysis anaerobic process ( doesn ’ t require oxygen ) takes place in cytoplasm splits glucose into 3- carbon molecules Produces two ATP molecules

20. Kreb ’ s Cycle -- like reverse of photosynthesis takes place in mitochondrial matrix breaks down 3- carbon molecules from glycolysis makes ATP molecules releases CO 2 transfers energy to ETC 6H O 2 6CO 2 6O 2 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 2 4 3 and

21. Electron Transport Chain -- produces a large amount of ATP takes place in inner membrane oxygen enters the process ATP produced water released as waste 6H O 2 6CO 2 6O 2 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 2 4 3 and

22. Respiratio n Equation video : https :// video. search. yahoo. com / sear ch / video ;_ ylt = AwrBT 4 FIai 9 W 7 ocAU. N XNyoA ;_ ylu = X 3 oDMTB 0 N 2 Noc 21 lBGNvb G 8 DYmYxBHBvcwMxBHZ 0 aWQDBHNlYwNwaX Zz ? p = cellular + respiration & fr = yse t _ chr _ syc _ oracle & fr 2= piv - web # id =1& vid = a 4 e 3088 c 011846 ae 4 d fe 3 cf 8340 e 166 f & action = view -- the equation for overall process : C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O -- the reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration

23. Glycolysis -- the first step of cellular respiration --2 ATP used to split glucose --4 ATP produced -- net result : 2 ATP produced and 2 3- carbon molecules produced & 2 NADPH

24. Kreb ’ s Cycle --3- carbon ( pyruvate ) broken down -- NADH produced --4 ATP produced -- coenzyme A ( CoA ) moves two - carbon through the cycle

25. Kreb ’ s Cycle -- NADH & FADH 2 made -- citric acid broken down & CO 2 is released --5- carbon broken down, CO 2 released -- NADH & ATP are made --4- carbon compound broken down

26. Electron Transport Chain -- second part of respiration -- NADPH & FADH 2 -- high energy electrons enter ETC -- H + ions transported across the membrane ( channel protein ) -- the breakdown of one glucose produces 38 ATP -- water released

27. Fermentatio n -- anaerobic respiration ( no O 2 ) -- allows glycolysis to occur when oxygen is unavailable -- lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells -- C 6 H 12 O 6  2 C 3 H 6 O 3 Notice there is no O 2 as a reactant

28. Fermentatio n -- alcoholic fermentation -- glycolysis splits glucose into carbon dioxide and alcohol -- C 6 H 12 O 6  2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 -- used in food production ( yogurt, cheese, bread, wine ) Notice there is no O 2 as a reactant

29. Ecologists -- biome : major regional or global community of organisms -- ecosystem : includes organisms & other nonliving things in an area -- community : group of different species living together in one area -- population : group of the same species living in one area -- organism : an individual living thing

30. Biotic vs. Abiotic -- biotic factors are living things ( plants, animals, fungi & bacteria ) -- abiotic factors are nonliving things ( moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, and soil )

31. Producers Consumers -- provide energy for other organisms in an ecosystem -- get their energy from non - living resources -- are also called autotrophs because they make their own food -- get their own food by eating other living or once - living resources -- also called heterotrophs ( feed off of different things )

32. Food Chain -- shows a sequence of feeding relationships -- follows the connection between one producer & a chain of consumers DESERT COTTONTAIL GRAMA GRASSHARRIS’S HAWK

33. Trophic Levels -- nourishment levels in a food chain -- primary consumers : herbivores that eat producers -- secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores -- tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers -- omnivores eat plants & animals

34. Food Webs -- show a complex network of feeding relationships -- multiple feeding relationships exist inn an ecosystem -- show energy flow in an ecosystem

35. Matter Cycles -- matter essential for life cycles in and out of ecosystems -- water cycles, -- oxygen cycles by photosynthesis & respiration, -- carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle through the food webs

36. Matter Cycles -- energy pyramid shows distribution of energy between levels -- from one level to another level, 90% of energy is lost as heat, only 10% transferred to next level -- biomass is the total mass in a given level energy transferred energy lost