1. Photosynthesis and Respiration K. Massey 2012-2013

2. Energy and Living Things: All living organisms must have energy to survive. Organisms get this energy from food. Organisms either make their own food or consume other organisms to obtain food. All living organisms must have energy to survive. Organisms get this energy from food. Organisms either make their own food or consume other organisms to obtain food.

3. What is meant by “food?” Food contains a mixture of substances that are necessary for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The main food energy source for living things is carbohydrates (sugars). Food contains a mixture of substances that are necessary for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The main food energy source for living things is carbohydrates (sugars).

4. Autotrophs: Organisms that can make their own food. Examples: plants, algae, some bacteria Autotrophs: Organisms that can make their own food. Examples: plants, algae, some bacteria Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume other organisms to obtain food. Examples: humans, cows, grasshoppers, birds, fungi, amoebas Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume other organisms to obtain food. Examples: humans, cows, grasshoppers, birds, fungi, amoebas

5. How do plants get energy? Since plants don’t eat food, they must make their own food. This process is called photosynthesis, and it takes place in the chloroplasts (leaf cells). Since plants don’t eat food, they must make their own food. This process is called photosynthesis, and it takes place in the chloroplasts (leaf cells). Photosynthesis: Process in which light energy (from the sun) is captured and stored as chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (sugars-glucose). The chemical equation is: Photosynthesis: Process in which light energy (from the sun) is captured and stored as chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (sugars-glucose). The chemical equation is:

6. Solar energy + Water + Carbon dioxide -------------> Glucose + Oxygen Solar energy + Water + Carbon dioxide -------------> Glucose + Oxygen or or Solar energy + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 --------- -> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Solar energy + 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 --------- -> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

7. Chlorophyll, a pigment found in the chloroplast of leaves, absorbs the sunlight, which gives the plant the energy it needs for photosynthesis to begin. The plant takes in carbon dioxide through stomata (opening under the leaves) from the air, and water from the roots and converts that into products of glucose, to be used as food and gives off oxygen as a waste through the stomata again. Chlorophyll, a pigment found in the chloroplast of leaves, absorbs the sunlight, which gives the plant the energy it needs for photosynthesis to begin. The plant takes in carbon dioxide through stomata (opening under the leaves) from the air, and water from the roots and converts that into products of glucose, to be used as food and gives off oxygen as a waste through the stomata again.

8. How do animals get energy? We eat food containing sugars, and then convert those sugars into chemical energy (ATP) in a process called cellular respiration. ATP is the energy source most readily available to cells. We eat food containing sugars, and then convert those sugars into chemical energy (ATP) in a process called cellular respiration. ATP is the energy source most readily available to cells.

9. Cellular respiration: Process that converts the energy in food (sugar) into chemical energy (ATP) which organisms can use to perform their life functions. This process takes place in the mitochondria. The chemical equation is: Cellular respiration: Process that converts the energy in food (sugar) into chemical energy (ATP) which organisms can use to perform their life functions. This process takes place in the mitochondria. The chemical equation is:

10. Glucose + Oxygen ------------> Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy Glucose + Oxygen ------------> Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy or or C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ----------> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 ----------> 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy

11. Within the mitochondria of organisms, glucose, from the food that is eaten is broken down, and oxygen is taken in by breathing. This process produces water which is lost as sweat, carbon dioxide with is expelled by exhaling and energy is made in the form of ATP. Within the mitochondria of organisms, glucose, from the food that is eaten is broken down, and oxygen is taken in by breathing. This process produces water which is lost as sweat, carbon dioxide with is expelled by exhaling and energy is made in the form of ATP.

12. What type of energy can be used by the cells? ATP: adenosine triphosphate: the energy molecule of life. This molecule stores the chemical energy which organisms can use to perform their life functions. ATP is an example of a nucleotide! ATP: adenosine triphosphate: the energy molecule of life. This molecule stores the chemical energy which organisms can use to perform their life functions. ATP is an example of a nucleotide! Energy is stored in the ATP’s phosphate bonds. When the bond is broken, energy is released. (This energy is used to do work in the cell.) Energy is stored in the ATP’s phosphate bonds. When the bond is broken, energy is released. (This energy is used to do work in the cell.)

13. ATP is composed of : Base - Adenine Base - Adenine 5 carbon sugar - ribose 5 carbon sugar - ribose 3 phosphates groups 3 phosphates groups

14. The phosphate groups in ATP is the reason why ATP can store or release energy. The phosphate groups in ATP is the reason why ATP can store or release energy. Releasing Energy Releasing Energy The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates in an ATP is broken. The ATP converts to ADP and energy is released. The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates in an ATP is broken. The ATP converts to ADP and energy is released.