1. Energy Sources Fossil Fuels And Alternative Fuels

2. Nonrenewable Energy Sources Nonrenewable Energy Sources Nonrenewable Energy Sources Supply 80% of the world’s energy Supply 80% of the world’s energy Have accumulated over vast amount of time Have accumulated over vast amount of time Cannot be gotten back after being used Cannot be gotten back after being used Will eventually be exhausted Will eventually be exhausted Commonly known as Fossil Fuels Commonly known as Fossil Fuels Coal Coal Oil Oil Natural Gas Natural Gas

3. Fossil Fuels

4. Renewable Energy Sources Renewable Energy Sources Renewable Energy Sources Replenish themselves continuously Replenish themselves continuously Also known as Perpetual energy Also known as Perpetual energy Biomass is most commonly used Biomass is most commonly used Formed through photosynthesis Formed through photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Biomass (chemical energy) + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Biomass (chemical energy) + Oxygen

5. Biomass

6. Other Renewable Solar Power Solar Power Heating Heating Electricity Electricity Geothermal Geothermal Steam out of the Earth Steam out of the Earth Tidal Tidal Energy from the oceans Energy from the oceans Wind Wind

7. Alternative Renewable Energy Sources

8. Use of Energy Resources Fossil fuels are used more than any other energy source in the world. Fossil fuels are used more than any other energy source in the world. Petroleum (oil)34.4% Petroleum (oil)34.4% Coal24.4% Coal24.4% Natural Gas21.1% Natural Gas21.1% Renewable13.5% Renewable13.5% Nuclear 6.5% Nuclear 6.5%

9. Reserves vs. Resources Reserves are resources that we have located and that we can extract for a profit. This can change over time. Reserves are resources that we have located and that we can extract for a profit. This can change over time. Resources are all of the potentially extractable substances that can be used to provide energy. This is becomes less as we use up our reserves. Resources are all of the potentially extractable substances that can be used to provide energy. This is becomes less as we use up our reserves.

10. Fossil Fuel Formation Coal is plant material that existed millions of years ago. It grew in swamps and was covered and compacted by soils. Coal is plant material that existed millions of years ago. It grew in swamps and was covered and compacted by soils. Peat is 90% water, 5% carbon Peat is 90% water, 5% carbon Lignite (compressed plant material) Lignite (compressed plant material) Bituminous Coal (soft coal) Bituminous Coal (soft coal) Anthracite (hard coal, 96% carbon) Anthracite (hard coal, 96% carbon) Found all over the world Found all over the world

11. Coal, Lignite, and Peat

12. Oil and Natural Gas Formed from microscopic marine organisms Formed from microscopic marine organisms Accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried by sediment Accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried by sediment Compressed into a liquid over the years Compressed into a liquid over the years Gasses accumulated above the liquid (CH 4 or methane gas) Gasses accumulated above the liquid (CH 4 or methane gas) Not evenly distributed throughout the world (Middle East has the majority) Not evenly distributed throughout the world (Middle East has the majority)

13. Oil Pumping

14. Use of Fossil Fuels Coal Use Coal Use Most abundant fossil fuel worldwide Most abundant fossil fuel worldwide Extraction by two methods Extraction by two methods Surface mining (remove the overburden) Surface mining (remove the overburden) Underground mining (dig under the overburden) Underground mining (dig under the overburden) Transportation of coal is expensive Transportation of coal is expensive Coal contains Sulfur and results in Coal contains Sulfur and results in Acid mine drainage Acid mine drainage Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere

15. Coal Mining

16. Coal Use in the World The United States has the greatest recoverable coal reserves of any place on the planet, followed by Russia, China and India.

17. Oil vs. Coal Easier to extract and transport than coal Easier to extract and transport than coal Less environmental damage in extraction Less environmental damage in extraction More concentrated source of energy More concentrated source of energy Releases less pollution Releases less pollution More difficult to find More difficult to find Getting even more difficult as oil is use up Getting even more difficult as oil is use up Secondary recovery is now used to maximize well production Secondary recovery is now used to maximize well production

18. Natural Gas (Methane) Often mined from oil well locations Often mined from oil well locations Piped to consumers for use Piped to consumers for use Also driven in tankers as LNG Also driven in tankers as LNG Least disruptive to the environment Least disruptive to the environment Causes no air pollution Causes no air pollution Generates CO 2 a greenhouse gas Generates CO 2 a greenhouse gas

19. Oil Drilling

20. Processing and Transportation of Oil Crude oil must be refined to be used Crude oil must be refined to be used Distillation and “cracking” are methods used to create valuable products Distillation and “cracking” are methods used to create valuable products Fuel gas, propane, butane, liquefied gas Fuel gas, propane, butane, liquefied gas Gasoline Gasoline Jet fuel, kerosene Jet fuel, kerosene Diesel fuel Diesel fuel Furnace oil Furnace oil Oil and asphalt Oil and asphalt

21. Renewable Energy Energy consumption has doubled in the last three decades (30 years) Energy consumption has doubled in the last three decades (30 years) Consumption is expected to increase another 60% by 2020 Consumption is expected to increase another 60% by 2020 Renewable resources account for 13.5% of energy use (6.5% nuclear energy) Renewable resources account for 13.5% of energy use (6.5% nuclear energy) Renewable resources will become more important as fossil fuels disappear Renewable resources will become more important as fossil fuels disappear

22. Renewable Resources Use of renewable resources are as follows Use of renewable resources are as follows Biomass and waste 11% Biomass and waste 11% Hydroelectric 2% Hydroelectric 2% Wind 0.5% Wind 0.5%

23. Hydroelectric Power Produces 2.2% of world’s energy supply Produces 2.2% of world’s energy supply Produces 16% of world’s electricity Produces 16% of world’s electricity Electricity is produced by the water falling or flowing past a turbine (fan) and turning it Electricity is produced by the water falling or flowing past a turbine (fan) and turning it The turbine turns a generator (coil of wire and magnets) that generates electricity The turbine turns a generator (coil of wire and magnets) that generates electricity

24. Hydroelectric Power

25. Problems with Dams Dams change the landscape and environment by Dams change the landscape and environment by Flooding vast areas of land Flooding vast areas of land Displacement of plants and animals Displacement of plants and animals Diminishing the river downstream Diminishing the river downstream Stopping the migration of fish upstream for spawning Stopping the migration of fish upstream for spawning Stopping silt from flowing downstream Stopping silt from flowing downstream

26. Tidal Power First harnessed by England during the eleventh century First harnessed by England during the eleventh century Tidal power generating plants are expensive to build and require particular geography to work effectively Tidal power generating plants are expensive to build and require particular geography to work effectively Only one major plant in the world in France Only one major plant in the world in France

27. Tidal Power

28. Geothermal Power Heat from the Earth comes to the surface as steam in geologically active regions Heat from the Earth comes to the surface as steam in geologically active regions Wells often need to be drilled to get the steam Wells often need to be drilled to get the steam Geothermal energy is also used for heating in some countries Geothermal energy is also used for heating in some countries Geothermal energy conserves fossil fuels and does NOT contribute to global warming Geothermal energy conserves fossil fuels and does NOT contribute to global warming

29. Geothermal Plant

30. Wind Power Wind power has been used for centuries for energy to move, pump, grind etc. Wind power has been used for centuries for energy to move, pump, grind etc. Winds are variable so the energy generated by wind turbines is not constant Winds are variable so the energy generated by wind turbines is not constant Wind power industry is growing with Europe currently leading the world Wind power industry is growing with Europe currently leading the world The Dakotas and Texas have enough wind energy to power the nation The Dakotas and Texas have enough wind energy to power the nation

31. Wind Power

32. Solar Energy The amount of energy coming from the sun is 600 times the amount used each day by all other energy combined The amount of energy coming from the sun is 600 times the amount used each day by all other energy combined Passive solar systems turn sun energy into heat Passive solar systems turn sun energy into heat Many buildings are designed to take advantage of the sunlight for warmth Many buildings are designed to take advantage of the sunlight for warmth Daylighting is using building design to take advantage of natural lighting Daylighting is using building design to take advantage of natural lighting

33. Passive Solar

34. Active Solar Consists of Solar collectors and a pump to move the heat to the areas needed Consists of Solar collectors and a pump to move the heat to the areas needed Pool heating, ventilation, water heating, space heating Pool heating, ventilation, water heating, space heating

35. Solar Generated Electricity Photovoltaic Cells used to turn sunlight directly into electricity Photovoltaic Cells used to turn sunlight directly into electricity Only 15-20% of sunlight is turned into electricity Only 15-20% of sunlight is turned into electricity

36. Lots More Biomass Conversion Biomass Conversion Crop and Animal Residue Crop and Animal Residue Energy Plantations Energy Plantations Combustion and Cogeneration Combustion and Cogeneration Ethanol Production Ethanol Production Anerbic Digestion Anerbic Digestion Hydrogen Fuel Cells Hydrogen Fuel Cells