1. By, Maureen Moran http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/buildings/bow2.jpg

2. o Bowditch’s life before and after naval navigation o The individuals who assisted in his naval/mathematical career o The New American Practical Navigator o Translation of Laplace’s work o Navigational Connection

3. o Born March 26, 1773 o Self-Educated o Worked as a Ship Chandler Apprentice http://www.nps.gov/sama/historyculture/pedrick.htm

4. o Five sea voyages (1795-1803) Sailed to East Indies o Began to study sea journals and navigation techniques o Took what he learned and taught others on the ship o Retired after his fifth and final voyage

5. o Became an insurance actuary in Boston o Still focused on mathematics o 1810 overseer of finances for Harvard o 1826-Death(1838) audited finances for Harvard http://antebellumeducation.weebly.com/colonial-values.html

6. o Author of The Practical Navigator o Bowditch found over 8,000 errors in computation tables o This is the starting point of Bowditch’s mathematical efforts http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Practical_Navigator_and_Seam an_s_New.html?id=dixSNvhLq_kC

7. https://archive.org/stream/newamericanpract00bowd#page/n11/mode/2up

8. o Born in Portsmouth, NH o Navigator, Publisher, Writer o Author of American Coast Pilot o 1799 asked Bowditch to rewrite Moore’s publication o In the editing, Bowditch got the ideas for his own reference book http://www.hnsa.org/conf2004/papers/jackson_files/Slide04.jpg

9. o Mentored by Bowditch in his later life o Traité de méchanique celeste (Celestial Mechanics) o Aided in translation of Pierre Laplace’s work o Peirce is considered America’s first true research mathematician http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/8/86/Benjamin_Peirce.jpeg/250 px-Benjamin_Peirce.jpeg

10. o 1812 published first volume in the translation of Traité de méchanique celeste o Assisted by Benjamin Peirce o Translation provided more people access to Laplace’s work o “Thus it plainly appears…” http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Pierre-Simon- Laplace_(1749-1827).jpg

11. o Published in 1802 o Included all necessary fundamental mathematics o Proofs similar to Euclid o Comprised of:  Navigating directions  How to calculate tides, etc. http://www.wiederseim.com/antique-auctions/saturday-november-30th- 2013/lots/book-bowditch-nathaniel-the-new-american-practical-navigator- newburyport-1802-8vo-disbound-with-the-map-lacks-2-of-7-plates

12. o Provided mathematical proofs to explain work o Created reference book to be used for navigators and sailors o Easy to understand calculations o Revised and updated versions of his work still can be found on vessels http://images.betterworldbooks.com/093/The-American-Practical- Navigator-Bowditch-9780939837540.jpg

13. https://archive.org/stream/newamericanpract00bowd#page/32/mode/2up http://brettedwards.com/?p=94

14. https://archive.org/stream/newamericanpract00bowd#page/n395/mode/2 up

16. https://archive.org/stream/newamericanpract00bowd#page/132/mode/2up

17. o Naval Navigation  Written for a mass audience  Provided easy to understand calculations  Information and calculations in:  Surveying directions  Calculating tides  Current http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/images/wsci_03_img0369.jpg

19. o Nugent, Jim. "Nathaniel Bowditch." Nathaniel Bowditch. Unitarian Universalist History & Heritage Society, 05 Feb. 2005. Web. 01 Oct. 2014.. o "Nathaniel Bowditch." Nathaniel Bowditch. NNDB, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2014.. o Vaughan, Roger. "The Immaculate Bowditch." Bowditch, Nathaniel. National Sailing Hall of Fame, n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2014.. o Bryant, Dennis. "Edmund M. Blunt." Maritime Professional. Maritime Industry Online, 22 Jan. 2010. Web. 03 Oct. 2014.. o "Benjamin Peirce." Benjamin Peirce. NNBD, n.d. Web. 03 Oct. 2014.. o Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. New York: Scribner, 1970. Print. o "The New American Practical Navigator : Being an Epitome of Navigation, Containing All the Tables Necessary... : Bowditch, Nathaniel, 1773-1838 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive." Internet Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2014..