1. Last Discussion Day

2. ... there there

4. Quiz Time!

5. Discussion Quiz 4 -- 20 points 1. What is the primary animal discussed in Jeffrey P. Cohn’s, How Ecofriendly Are Wind Farms? a.Beatlesb.Honey Beesc.Coyotesd.Batse.Red-tailed Hawks 2. True or False. In Kaufman & Cleveland’s, The Flow of Energy in Biological Systems, net primary production determines the amount of energy that is available through the food chain? 3. “Hot Spots” of biodiversity are: a) locations with biological communities growing around geothermal vents. b) areas with exceptional low numbers of species. c) places with at least 1,500 endemic species. d) generally in developed countries, temperate areas, and near mountains. 4. The IPCC synthesis report on climate change discusses feedbacks frequently. Feedbacks are important drivers of climate change and a feedback is best described as a process where a system further impacts the initial change. There can be _______ positive feedback mechanisms ______ negative feedback mechanisms. a. both…. andb. only…… but not

6. Discussion Quiz 4 -- 20 points 1. True or False. Wind energy has no negative environmental effects. 2. In P.F. Donald’s study on the impacts of European farming on bird populations, he found that: a) the numbers of birds increased on farms since 1970. b) the number of birds decreased on farms since 1970. c) the number of birds stayed the same on farms since 1970. d) the number of birds was unclear on farms since 1970. 3. Which crops are under the commodity title of the Farm Bill? a. Soybeansb. Winter Squash c. Sorghum d. Tomatoes e. Cottonf. A, C, and E g. A, B, C, and E h. all of the above. 4. In Myers & Patz Human health threats from environmental change, the rule of thumb for a 1 degree Celsius increase in temperature leads to a ______ reduction in yields of rice, wheat, or corn? a. 20%b. 50%c. 10%d. 2%

7. Discussion Quiz 4 - 20 points 1. True or False. Coal formations are fossilized plant material buried in sediments less than 100-years old. 2. What percentage of known species on earth are threatened or endangered? a) 1%b) 10% c) 25%d) 50% 3. Which crops are under the commodity title of the Farm Bill? a. Soybeansb. Winter Squash c. Sorghum d. Tomatoes e. Cotton f. A, C, and E g. A, B, C, and E h. all of the above 4. True or False. Although an important consideration, the scarcity of food and water according to Myers and Patz in Human Health Threats from Environmental Change, will not contribute nearly as much as exposure to infection disease to human mortality in the future?

8. 1 st Hour Quiz  Hand back quizzes and things  Summary of Readings (Weeks 7-10) – 30 min A few slides 2 nd Hour Class discussion – 5-10 min self reflect – 25-30 min class discussion Discussion section evaluations Giuseppe Arcimboldo 1527-1593

9. Synthesis Questions 1.Wind farms – Biodiversity –Food Webs 2.Food Stamps – Subsidies - Local food 3.Fuels (Fossil and Bio) – Farming – Biodiversity – Climate Change 4.Climate Change – Food Production – Precipitation

10. BREAK TIME!

11. Climate Change Vs. Global Warming

12. Climate Change and Food Supply Unpredictability factors

13. Climate Change and Food Supply Unpredictability factors – Water shortage

14. Climate Change and Food Supply Unpredictability factors – Water shortage – Increase in floods

15. Climate Change and Food Supply Unpredictability factors – Water shortage – Increase in floods – Temperature peaks

16. I ntergovernmental P anel on C limate C hange (IPCC) Any body know which administration facilitated the creation of the IPCC?

17. IPCC Reagan!

18. IPCC “Provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts”

19. IPCC Created in 1988 First Report 1990 You read the synthesis of the 4 th report released in 2007 Now working on the 5 th Assessment Report to be released in 2014

24. “...global food demand might have to be met, if it can be met, by putting new land into production. That could entail chopping down large areas of forest, an action that would only accelerate climate change by sending substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the air from the destruction of trees.” - Myers & Patz 2009

25. Feedbacks Feedback mechanism: When a processes further impacts the initial change

26. Feedbacks Feedback mechanism: When a processes further impacts the initial change The process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first

27. http://filsalustri.files.wordpress.com/2011/07 /linkages-and-feedback-loops-among- desertification-global-climate-change-and- biodiversity-loss.jpg http://filsalustri.files.wordpress.com/2011/07 /linkages-and-feedback-loops-among- desertification-global-climate-change-and- biodiversity-loss.jpg http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/note s/chapter16/pos_feedback.html

28. Feedbacks Feedback mechanism: When a processes further impacts the initial change The process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first o If the initial perturbation is enhanced:  positive feedback mechanism

29. Feedbacks Feedback mechanism: When a processes further impacts the initial change The process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first o If the initial perturbation is enhanced:  positive feedback mechanism o If the initial perturbation is reduced or weakened  negative feedback mechanism

30. “...global food demand might have to be met, if it can be met, by putting new land into production. That could entail chopping down large areas of forest, an action that would only accelerate climate change by sending substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the air from the destruction of trees.” - Myers & Patz 2009

31. Climate Adaptation & Mitigation

32. Mitigation Mitigation involves reducing the magnitude of climate change itself or the risk Adaptation Efforts to limit vulnerabilities to climate change impacts

33. Risk vs. Vulnerability Risk The threat posed by a negative impact or hazard event Vulnerability The susceptibility of people, property, and resources to negative impacts from climate change

34. Risk vs. Vulnerability Risk The threat posed by a negative impact or hazard event The level or degree of risk is the product of the likelihood of an impact occurring Vulnerability The susceptibility of people, property, and resources to negative impacts from climate change A function of the level of exposure to climate change impacts

35. Risk vs. Vulnerability Risk The threat posed by a negative impact or hazard event The level or degree of risk is the product of the likelihood of an impact occurring...and the magnitude of societal, economic, environmental and governance consequences Vulnerability The susceptibility of people, property, and resources to negative impacts from climate change A function of the level of exposure to climate change impacts.. and the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the communities and resources that are affected

36. Class Discussion 1.What is a question you have that has not yet been answered? 2.What were the take away lessons from this class for you?