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Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Urban Air Quality Management in Asia Sustainable Urban Mobility.

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Presentation on theme: "Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Urban Air Quality Management in Asia Sustainable Urban Mobility."— Presentation transcript:

1 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Urban Air Quality Management in Asia Sustainable Urban Mobility in Asia A CAI-Asia Program Glynda Bathan Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities 13 September 2006 Karachi, Pakistan

2 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Ambient air quality in Asia is generally improving despite increase in motorization and energy use Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO 2 trends are improving Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue to exceed WHO guidelines Average ambient SO 2 is in compliance with WHO guideline NO 2 close to guidelines Insufficient information on O 3 for reliable trend analysis It is uncertain whether the observed improvements in air quality will be sustained Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends,  g/m 3 (1993 to 2005) WHO (1979) TSP guideline, 60-90  g/m 3 WHO SO 2 guideline, 50  g/m 3 WHO (2005) PM10 guideline, 20  g/m 3 WHO NO 2 guideline, 40  g/m 3 Status of Air Quality in Asia

3 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Benchmarking Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia AQM Capability AQM Capability Scoring CitiesLevel of Economic Development/ Trends of Air Pollution Excellent I91-100Hong Kong, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo High technology applied Low air pollution Excellent II81-90Bangkok, Seoul, Shanghai Good I71-80Beijing, BusanMaturing of cleaner processes, use of cleaner fuels and mature emission controls. Further improvement of air quality Good II61-70New Delhi Moderate I51-60Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kolkata, Manila, Mumbai Cleaner processes developed. Systematic AQM procedures developed Air pollution decreasing from high levels Moderate II41-50Colombo Limited I31-40Hanoi, SurabayaUrbanisation, industrialisation and mobilisation continued. Initial systematic AQM procedures applied High but stabilising levels of air pollution. Serious health and environmental impacts Limited II21-30Dhaka, Kathmandu Minimal0-20-Increased urbanisation, mobilization and industrialisation. Only ad hoc AQM. Deterioration of air quality through rising levels of air pollution The Benchmarking study involved 20 cities in Asia representing various economic levels and geographic coverage. The cities were categorized according to four AQM capability indices – 1) AQ measurement; 2) data availability and assessment; 3) emission estimates; and 4) AQ management enabling capacity. Cities with high levels of economic development tend to have well-developed AQM systems Benchmarking of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies for strengthening their AQM capability

4 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Benchmarking UAQM Capability of Asian Cities In collaboration with Stockholm Environment Institute in their Air Pollution in the Megacities of Asia Project and the CAI-Asia Network City Profiles and AQ Data AQM Capability Questionnaire Compilation of information on current policy and practice for key components of AQM Questionnaire to assess AQM capability sent to city authorities Benchmarking Study Approach

5 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Air Quality Management Capabilities Air Quality Measurement Index Assesses the ambient air monitoring taking place in a city and the accuracy and precision and representativeness of the data collected Air Quality Data Assessment and Availability Index Assesses how air data is processed to value and provide information in a decision-relevant format. It also assesses the extent to which there is access to air quality information and data through different media Emissions Estimate Index Assesses emission inventories undertaken to determine the extent to which decision-relevant information is available about source pollution in the city Air Quality Management Index Asseses the administrative and legislative framework through which emission control strategies are introduced to manage air quality

6 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Six cities measure the acute and chronic health effects for all criteria compounds (NO 2, SO 2, PM, CO, Pb, O 3 ) Nine cities measure trends in pollutant concentrations for all criteria compounds Five cities measure the spatial distriubution for all compounds 11 cities have the capacity to measure kerbside criteria for all compounds Rigorous QA/QC criteria are applied in eight cities Bangkok  Kolkata  Beijing  Metro Manila  Busan  Mumbai  Colombo  New Delhi  Dhaka  Seoul  Hanoi  Shanghai  Ho Chi Minh  Singapore  Hong Kong  Surabaya  Jakarta  Taipei  Kathmandu  Tokyo  Minimal  Limited  Moderate  Good  Excellent  Air Quality Measurement Index

7 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia 11 cities undertake prediction modelling for pollutants monitored 11 cities have undertaken epidemiological studies 10 cities issue air quality alerts 9 cities undertake spatial mapping of pollutants 11 cities formally publish AQ data Bangkok  Kolkata  Beijing  Metro Manila  Busan  Mumbai  Colombo  New Delhi  Dhaka  Seoul  Hanoi  Shanghai  Ho Chi Minh  Singapore  Hong Kong  Surabaya  Jakarta  Taipei  Kathmandu  Tokyo  Minimal  Limited  Moderate  Good  Excellent  Air Quality Assessment and Availability Index

8 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Online Ambient Air Quality Data of Selected Asian Cities Online AQ Information

9 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia 14 cities have emission estimates for major source categories (industrial, mobile and domestic/commercial) 15 cities have emission estimates for all criteria pollutants (PM, CO, SO 2, NO 2 and HC) 8 cities have estimates of emissions based on actual measurements 6 cities cross check estimates Bangkok  Kolkata  Beijing  Metro Manila  Busan  Mumbai  Colombo  New Delhi  Dhaka  Seoul  Hanoi  Shanghai  Ho Chi Minh  Singapore  Hong Kong  Surabaya  Jakarta  Taipei  Kathmandu  Tokyo  Minimal  Limited  Moderate  Good  Excellent  Emission Estimates Index

10 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia 11 cities have AQ standards for all criteria pollutants 17 cities have emission limits and controls on stationary and mobile sources 13 cities impose penalties for the exceedance of both stationary and mobile emissions Bangkok  Kolkata  Beijing  Metro Manila  Busan  Mumbai  Colombo  New Delhi  Dhaka  Seoul  Hanoi  Shanghai  Ho Chi Minh  Singapore  Hong Kong  Surabaya  Jakarta  Taipei  Kathmandu  Tokyo  Minimal  Limited  Moderate  Good  Excellent  Air Quality Management Index

11 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Ambient Air Quality Standards in Asia CountryPollutantsRemarks Bangladesh TSP, CO, NOx, and SO 2 1997 standards established for a few pollutants depending on land use category; new standards are pending approval China TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb Standards require cities to comply with Class I, II, or III standards. Class I standards more stringent than the WHO and USEPA limits Hong Kong TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb, O 3 Standards less stringent than WHO and USEPA limits India TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb Established based on different land-use categories i.e. industrial, residential and sensitive areas. Indonesia TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb National and local (Jakarta) standards less stringent that WHO; PM limits less stringent than USEPA Japan CO, NO 2, O 3, SO 2, TSP Comparable and to some extent more stringent than WHO guidelines with the exception of CO limits for an 8-hour exposure. Nepal TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb, C 6 H 6 Established only in 2003; standards less stringent than WHO; PM limits less stringent than USEPA PakistanNo legislated ambient air quality standards Philippines TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb based and comparable to WHO and USEPA (for PM 10 ). Standards more lenient, selecting the higher/max allowable limits Singapore PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3 Despite adopting only both WHO guidelines and USEPA limits, Singapore PSI reporting is very efficient Sri-Lanka TSP, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb TSP standards twice more lenient than USEPA, No annual standard for SO 2, 24-hour limit for SO 2, a slightly lenient O 3 and NO 2 compared with USEPA and WHO, respectively Thailand TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb TSP twice more lenient than USEPA; SO 2 and CO almost same as USEPA limit, stringent NO 2 compared to WHO Vietnam TSP, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb Hourly limits for NO 2 and CO are more lenient than WHO, no PM10 standards, the rest of the standards are almost same as WHO Most countries have more lenient standards than those prescribed by WHO and USEPA Standards for PM10 have been largely based on USEPA limits There is a need to review current PM standards – Europe has moved PM10 limit to 50µg/m 3 limit for 24- hour averages and 40 µg/m 3 for annual averages In some cases, AQ monitoring plans/ systems, are inconsistent with the established standards

12 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Comparison of PM Standards in Asia, Europe and US Source: Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities (2006) - for publication

13 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Vehicle Emission Standards Note: For light-duty vehicles Source: CAI-Asia, 2006

14 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Public Transport Trends in Asia - BRT TransJakarta, the 1 st closed BRT system in Asia, will open 4 new corridors by December or a total of 7 busway corridors by the end of the year Growing interest on BRT systems –PRC: Kunming, Chongqing, Beijing; –S. Korea (by 2012): Seoul, Inchon; –PHI: Metro Manila, Cebu; –IND: New Delhi (target 300km), Bangalore, Chennai Above: TransJakarta; Below: Beijing BRT. Photo credits: ITDP

15 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Stationary Sources Generally, countries in Asia have Industrial Emission Standards in place however strengthened implementation and monitoring is needed Efforts to reduce industrial pollution in Asia often focus on developing environmental institutions and legal frameworks either through command-and-control regulations or through economic instruments Reduction of air pollution from stationary sources in Asia are still mostly "end-of-pipe" treatments, while economic incentives are not optimized Most Asian countries have adopted cleaner production strategies calling for substituting cleaner fuel sources and using fuels more efficiently

16 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Conclusions The identification of the stage of development in terms of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies to strengthen their AQM capability. Cities with a relative low AQM capability need to focus on establishing or strengthening continuous air quality monitoring system and implementing basic control strategies. All cities will need to first ensure that their AQM systems manage the traditional criteria pollutants such as CO, NOx, SO2, O3, TSP, and PM10 and then also PM2.5. In addition, all countries should review their air quality standards in view of the new EU limit values and the new WHO guideline values

17 Strengthening the air quality management community in Asia www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia Conclusions (2) Contact: Glynda Bathan, gbathan@adb.org Cornie Huizenga, chuizenga@adb.org www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia


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