3.  The first invention and proven use of fiber optics dates back to the 1800s.  The most renown pioneer in establishing the major concepts of fiber optics is: British Physicist, John Tydall.  Nowadays optic fiber cables are commonly used for transferring of electronic signals.  Thus, submarine fiber optic communication cables are laid on the sea bed between land-based stations to carry telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean

4.  Construction of the Southern Cross cable system begin in 1998 and finished in 2000.  The network has 28,900 km of submarine and 1,600 km of terrestrial fiber optic cables, operated in a triple-ring configuration.  It is currently serving the South Pacific.

5. 1) Convenience and Linkage – The introduction of cable system enables some pacific nations to spend less on communication access and also allow more remote islands to connect with the outside world, compared to satellite communication that entertains less users due to high spending. 2) Durability – Due the fact that submarine cables are buried undersea, it is less prone to land disturbances or natures’ weathering processes. Thus, it is obvious that cable system is durable.

6.  3) Reliability – Optic fiber cables are reliable for communication services because they transmit capacities in terabytes which is also efficient compared to satellite which does it in megabytes. 4) Environmental Friendly – Cable system is also slightly harmless to the environment because cable covering also tend to act as habitats for certain marine organisms, and its placement was done after careful sampling of seabed sediments.

7.  5) Economy Boosting – Cable system will surely boost Pacific economies due to massive investment in the communication sectors with significant employment.  6) Improved communication – Cable system did provide reliable connectivity and communication.  7) Better Services – The cable system also cater for better education, health and social services which in turn results in an increasing literacy rate and healthy individuals.

8. CountryYear% of Individuals using internet Fiji 201233.7 Marshall Islands201210.00 Vanuatu201210.60 Solomon Islands20127.00 Tonga201234.86

10.  Government should allow more telecommunication companies to provide services in the country to entertain competition, which would lessen internet service prices and its reliability.  Government should increase more its investment in the communication sector.  Internet service providers should upgrade its necessary resources and facilities to cater for better internet access.  Government should lure aid donors to fund the southern Cross cable system to be linked to the Solomon Islands.

11.  Submarine Cable networks. (2013, November 15). Retrieved May 31, 2014, from www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/trans-pacificwww.submarinenetworks.com/systems/trans-pacific  Timbercon. (2014, February). Retrieved from http://www.timbercon.com/history-of-fiber-optics/ http://www.timbercon.com/history-of-fiber-optics/  Wikipedia. (2008, July 21). Retrieved May 31, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable  Yao, X. (2013). Connecting Pacific with the World. Retrieved May 31, 2104, from http://www.islandsbusiness.com/2013/9/telecommunications/c onnecting-the-pacific-region-with-the-world/ http://www.islandsbusiness.com/2013/9/telecommunications/c onnecting-the-pacific-region-with-the-world/