2. Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems a b c Starter: Which part of the cell 1)Is a jelly like substance where most chemical reactions take place ? 2)Is where all the DNA is stored? 3)Controls which substances can go into or out of the cell ? 4)Controls the cell’s activities?

3. Our learning objectives today are…… How are animal cells different to bacterial and yeast cells? What is a “specialised” cell? What features are useful for different cell functions? What is a “tissue” and how is it different to a cell? What are 3 of the most common types of tissue? What is an organ and what organs make up the digestive system?

4. Animal cells How are animal cells different to bacterial and yeast cells?

5. Nucleus Contains............... information Controls the........ activities

6. Cell membrane Partially......................... Controls what goes.... &..... of the cell

7. Cytoplasm Liquid where most....................... reactions take place

8. What organelles are in human and animal cells? Mitochondria Where our food (sugar) is “burnt” to release energy. “aerobic respiration”

9. How do mitochondria break down sugar? Mitochondria are full of enzymes which can help break down g................. and release its stored e...............

10. sugarsugar + Why does the cell need energy? How do mitochondria break down sugar?

11. What organelles are in human and animal cells? Ribosomes Make new useful proteins you need from the broken down / digested proteins you have eaten You are what you eat!

12. What organelles are in human and animal cells? EVER

13. How big is a cell? Most plant and animal cells are too small to see without a microscope. The largest cell in the human body is the female egg cell, (ovum) at around 1,000 µm in diameter. The smallest human cell is the sperm cell – the head is around 5 µm long.

14. Single celled organisms Animal cell + a cell wall Cell wall nucleus Cell membrane cytoplasm How are yeast cells different to animal cells?

15. A culture of animal cells infected with yeast cells (arrowed) How are yeast cells different to animal cells?

16. 200 micrometres ( μm) 5 micrometres ( μm) How are yeast cells different to animal cells?

17. Bacterial cells

18. Relative size of different cells 1 micrometre ( μm) 200 micrometres ( μm)

19. Why do animal cells specialize? red blood cell muscle cell stem cell sperm cell nerve cell As the cells grow they become adapted to do one particular job ie they differentiate. All cells start off as unspecialised “stem” cells

20. Animals and plants are made from many different types of cell which have become specialised for a particular job / function.

21. How can animal and plant cells be specialised? StructureFunctionExample Lots of mitochondria Lots of ribosomes Big surface area lots of cell membrane Many chloroplasts

22. StructureFunctionExample Lots of mitochondria Cell does a job that uses lots of energy (usually moves) Sperm cell Muscle cell Lots of ribosomesCell produces protein substances (e.g enzymes or mucus) Cells lining the mouth & gut (for digestion) Big surface area lots of cell membrane Cell absorbs substances Red blood cell Root hair cell in plants Many chloroplasts Cell absorbs sunlight as a source of energy Cell in the leaf of a plant (palisade cell) How can animal and plant cells be specialised?

23. Use words from the box to name structures A, B and C cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus How are these muscle cells adapted to release a lot of energy? The diagram shows a group of muscle cells from the wall of the intestine. (3 marks) (2 marks)

25. Hairs / cillia Function (job) of the cilliated cell… producing mucus to trap germs and sweeping them away from your lungs How does the cell’s structure help it do this function? (2 marks) mitochondria Ribosomes

26. Tail Dense mitochondria Nucleus Function (job) of the sperm cell… Carry Dad’s genetic information to an unfertilised egg. How does the sperm’s structure help it do this function? (2 marks)

27. How are animal cells adapted?

28. How are plant cells adapted?

29. How do specialised cells work together in tissues? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uXewS9dJU Link to a video on some specialised cells that work together in different human tissues A tissue is…..

30. How do specialised cells work together in tissues? A tissue is….. A group of cells which have similar structure and function A group of cells which have different structures and functions A group of cells which have similar structures and different functions A group of cells which have different structures and similar functions

31. What different types of tissues are there? Muscle tissue Can contract to bring about movement Glandular tissue Epithelial tissue Can produce enzymes and/or hormones Covers some part of the body

32. What’s the difference between a tissue and an organ? Differentiated cellsTissue = all the same type of cell Organ = several types of tissue

33. What’s the difference between tissue and an organ? Example of an organ = stomachTypes of tissue in the stomach ………………….. tissue, to produce digestive “juices” ………………….. tissue, to churn the contents ………………….. tissue, to cover the inside and outside of the stomach

34. What’s the difference between an organ and an organ system? Organ system is a group of …………… that perform a particular function Eg the digestive system

36. Salivary gland Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gall bladder

37. Salivary gland Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gall bladder Which part(s) of the digestive system a) grind food up b) release digestive enzymes and c) absorb food?

38. Our learning objectives today are…… What different processes happen during digestion? How does the liver help with digestion? What is a “tissue” and how is it different to a cell? What are 3 of the most common types of tissue? What is an organ and what organs make up the digestive system?

39. What different processes happen during digestion? Breakdown by grinding / churning Breakdown using “digestive juices” Absorption

40. What different processes happen during digestion? Salivary gland Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gall bladder Breakdown by grinding / churning Breakdown using “digestive juices” Absorption mouth

41. How does the liver help with digestion?

42. Stomach Small intestine Gall bladder Acid Stores bile to neutralise stomach acid as food enters SI Alkaline Liver Makes bile How does the liver help with digestion?

43. Salivary gland Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gall bladder

44. How does digested material get into our blood? Villi line the small intestine. They increase the surface area for absorbing digested food into the blood ready for transport round the body

45. Food in intestine

46. Particles of digested food diffuse across villi wall into our blood stream. How does food get into the blood?

47. 2 marks

48. 6bi How do the villi of the person with coeliac disease differ from those of a healthy person?.......................................................................................................................................(1 mark) 6bii Suggest how this difference may affect how well the small intestine functions?...................................................................................................................................................................(1 mark)

49. High concentration Low concentration Concentration gradient How does food and oxygen get into our cells? Key points on Diffusion…..

50. The official definition for diffusion The spreading of the particles of a gas or any substance in solution, resulting in a net movement from a region where they are of a higher concentration to a region with a lower concentration. The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.

51. High concentration How does food and oxygen get into our cells? Food in our blood stream low concentration Food in our cells

52. High concentration How does food and oxygen get into our cells? Food in our blood stream low concentration Food in our cells

53. High concentration Concentration gradient How does food and oxygen get into our cells? Food and oxygen diffuse from our blood, through the cell membrane, into our cells.

54. Diffusion in action: one gas