1. Chapter 1 lesson 1 Structures and Functions of Living things

2. Cell Theory In Latin, cells means “small compartments” In the late 1800’s scientists developed a three- part theory about cells.

3. The first part of the theory Cells are the of all living things – All living things are made up of cells.

4. The second part of the theory All life processes take place in cells – The energy in food is released in cells. Growth and reproduction take place in cells

5. The third part of the theory New cells are produced from existing cells – Living things begin life as a single cell. This cell divides into two cells. Each new cell also divides into two cells. After a certain point, the cells being to specialize and take on different functions. – Cell division is what causes you or any other organism to grow.

6. Parts of a cell Don’t worry we aren’t going to learn about all of these parts in this lesson…

7. Organelles and cytoplasm Inside both plant and animal cells, there are types of structures that perform specific functions. These structures are called organelles. The organelles are surrounded by cytoplasm, a clear, jellylike substance that holds them in place.

8. Cell wall The cell wall is a stiff outer layer that surrounds and protects the cell and gives it shape In this picture, the cell wall is bright blue

9. Cell membrane The cell membrane is a layer that holds the cell material inside. The membrane controls what substances enter and leave the cell

10. Nucleus The nucleus is the cell’s control center. It directs all of the activities that take place inside the cell.

11. Chromosomes The nucleus contains chromosomes, the structures that carry an. organism’s genetic information (DNA). They also control activities within the cell. The nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus and holds it together

12. DNA Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. This chemical provides detailed instructions to the cell about every function of life. It contains codes that determine physical characteristics such as a flower color in plants and hair color in humans.

13. Chloroplasts The chloroplasts make the plant’s food (sugar) by the process of photosynthesis. They are found mostly in the plants’ leaves.

14. Mitochondria Cells also contain bean-shaped organelles called mitochondria. Food and oxygen combine in the mitochondria to release the food’s energy, carbon dioxide, and water. This process is known as respiration. The energy released during respiration enables a plant or animal to complete all its cell activities.

15. Vacuole Both plants and animal cells have organelles called vacuoles, which store nutrients and wastes. In animal cells, vacuoles are very small. In plants, one large vacuole takes up most of the cell.

16. How do plant cells and animal cells differ? * Two structures that plant cells have, that animal cells do not, are chloroplasts and cell walls * Vacuoles are different in plant and animal cells because plants have one large vacuoles and animals may have several smaller vacuoles. *Images Provided by Google and AltaVista