1. Cell The smallest unit of life that can preform all life processes.

2. Cell Theory 1.The basic unit of life is the cell. 2.All organisms made of one or more cells. 3.All cells come from existing cells (except for the first cell and no one was there to record where it came from.

3. Cell Wall The cell wall is a rigid structure that gives support to the cell. It is the outermost structure of a cell. Plants and algae have cell walls made of cellulose. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. The cell wall help the plants to stand upright. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria have a cell wall but it is different versus plant cell walls.

5. Cell Membrane The cell membrane is a protective barrier that separates the cell’s contents from its environment. The cell membrane is composed of phospholipids. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (loves water) and a hydrophobic tail (water fearing). The cell membrane allows food, water, and essential elements into the cell and allows waste products to leave the cell.

7. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the jelly like material that all the organelles float in inside the cell membrane. It is made up of mostly water.

9. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA is the genetic material that determines inherited characteristics. Phenotype is what we see and genotype is what the gene make up is.

12. Nucleus The control center of the cell. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and Prokaryotes do not. DNA is stored in the nucleus and is the blueprint for making proteins which control the reactions inside of the cell. The nucleus is covered by two membranes. The outside has holes (pores) in it to allow material into and out of the nucleus. The inner membrane is called the nucleolus and is the place where cells begin to make ribosomes. The nucleus is a large organelle.

14. Nuclear Membrane The nuclear membrane is composed of two layers. The outside has pores to allow materials to flow into and out of the nucleus and the inner membrane is the nucleolus.

15. Ribosomes Ribosomes make the proteins needed by the cell to survive. Ribosomes are the smallest organelle. Ribosomes are located in the floating freely in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. All cells have ribosomes.

17. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Smooth ER makes the lipids and chemical to break down toxic materials that could damage the cell. It is part of the internal delivery system of the cell.

19. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER is the area where proteins are assembled from amino acids by ribosomes on the surface of the rough ER. It is part of the cells internal delivery system. It is a system of folded membranes and contains many passages and tubes for delivering needed substances to different parts of the cell.

20. Mitochondria Is the main power source of the cell. Sugar (glucose) is broken down and energy (ATP or adenosine triphosphate) is produce for the cell to use.

22. Lysosomes They are responsible for digestion inside of the cell. They contain digestive enzymes to destroy warn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste materials, and protect the cell from invaders.

24. Centrioles Organelle that aids in reproduction of the cell by pulling the spindle fibers toward either side of the cell during metaphase and Anaphase.

25. Centrioles They ais in the reproduction of the cell.

26. Flagella This is the organelle that aids the cell in movement or locomotion.

28. Golgi Complex Is the organelle that packages and distributes proteins. It actually looks a lot like smooth ER. When the cell needs proteins or lipids a “bubble” pinches off from the Golgi apparatus and it moves to the needed location.

30. Vesicle Is the name given to the bubble that pinches off the Golgi apparatus. It is really a small sack that surrounds the material to be moved into or out of the cell.

33. Chloroplast Plant cell have chloroplast that contain chlorophyll and is used in photosynthesis in making sugar for the cell. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, Carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and oxygen.

35. Central Vacuole In plants it is the large storage area for water and other liquids. When full of water the plant stands rigid and when it is not full the plant begins to wilt.

37. Cytoskeleton Is a web of proteins that keep the cell from collapsing on itself. It helps the cell retain its shape, move in its environment, and move its organelles within the cell.

40. Multicellular Organisms Multicellular means being made of many cells. The benefits of being multicellular are: 1.Larger size: usually larger than single cell organisms. 2.Longer life: not limited to the life of a single cell. 3.Specialization: each cell has a job which makes the organism more efficient.

41. Multicellular Organisms Tissue- a group of cells working together to do a specific job. Animals have four types of tissues, 1.Nerve- nerve 2.Muscle-smooth, skeletal, cardiac 3.Connective-skeleton, immune 4.Protective-skin

42. Multicellular Organisms Plants have three types of tissue; 1.Transport-moves water and nutrients-Phloem and Xylem. 2.Protective-covers the outside of the plant. Cuticle is waxy covering. 3.Ground-where photosynthesis take place. Chloroplast, grana, thylakoid

43. Level of Organization Cell- smallest unit of life Tissue- cells working together Organ- two or more tissues working together; example heart, stomach, stems, roots Organ System- a group of organs working together to perform a function; example is digestive system, cardiovascular system, nervous system.

44. cell→ tissue→ organ→ organ system

45. Homeostasis Is maintained by feedback loops in the body. If something is not functioning as necessary the body tries to get it back into balance. Our body functions in a narrow range of balance. Cells die if this balance called Homeostasis is not controlled well.

46. Surface area to volume ratio The reason most cells are small is because the cell needs to be able to take in needed materials and expel waste quickly. The larger the cell the more difficult this becomes and communication within the cell slows down. Example 2 cm long side of a cube Area → 2 x 2 x 6 sides= 24 cm 2 Volume → 2 x 2 x 2 = 8cm 3 Area / volume ratio = 24/8 = 3 to 1

47. Lets practice surface area to volume 1. Calculate the area to volume ratio for a cube whose sides are 3 cm long. 2. Calculate the area to volume ratio for a cube whose sides are 5 cm long. 3. Calculate the area to volume ratio for a cube whose sides are 7 cm long. 4. Calculate the area to volume ratio for a cube whose sides are 9 cm long.

48. Answers 1.3 x 3 x 6 = 54 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 54/27 = 2 to 1 2.5 x 5 x 6 = 150 5 x 5 x 5 = 125 150/125 = 1.2 to 1 3.7 x 7 x 6 = 294 7 x 7 x 7 = 343 294/343 =.86 to 1 4.9 x 9 x 6 = 486 9 x 9 x 9 = 729 486/729 =.67 to 1