2. Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal Psychology Do Now: Take 3 sheets of IB Paper and Abnormal Prompt, look over the three prompts and select the prompt You want to answer.

3. Objective To be able to write a Long Essay for Paper II on the IB Exam in the Abnormal Psychology Option.

4. A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be maladaptive, unjustifiable, disturbing and atypical. Maladaptive- inability to reach goals or to adapt to the demands of life or interferes or disrupts social group functioning Unjustifiable- without a rational basis Atypical - so different that they violate a norm, “social rules” Disturbing - troublesome to other people

5. Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/PerspectiveCause of the Disorder Biomedical/NeuroscienceOrganic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. CognitiveIrrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. SocioculturalDysfunctional Society

6. Three Theoretical Models Biological model – explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body.(biological- neuroscience) Cognitive Models– attempts to explain disordered behavior as the result of thought-related malfunctioning. Sociocultural model - behavior is seen as the result of social and cultural influences.

7. Culture Matters Cultural relativity – the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which a person with a disorder was nurtured. Culture-bound syndromes - where a disorder is only found in a particular culture Non-western disorders vs. Western disorders TKS (Taiijin-kyofu-sho) Japan – involves fear that one will do something in public that is socially embarrassing (blushing, staring) Susto – Latino Indians of the Andes – loss of soul by some frightening experience; person falls to the ground; symptoms like depression. Eating Disorders – western cultural disorders

8. Social Nonconformity Situational context – the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior can make a difference on how behavior is labeled. Subjective discomfort – when a person experiences a great deal of emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior. (like maladaptive and disturbing) however, some forms of disordered behavior involve showing no emotions at all. (serial killers)

9. Diagnosing a Disorder is Difficult Is the behavior Maladaptive, Unjustifiable, Atypical, Disturbing? Culture - matters when Diagnosing and Treating disorders – how has a person been nurtured? Situational context – the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior can make a difference on how behavior is labeled. Subjective discomfort – does the person have a normal discomfort or do they not? Now, lets see if gender may be another hindrance to accurate diagnosis.

10. Do women develop disorder more often than men? Broverman found mental health professionals viewed mature, healthy males differently from mature, healthy females. Healthy males viewed as ambitious, adventurous, self-confident, logical and independent While women were viewed as tactful, aware of other’s feeling, gentle, expressive of tender feelings, and in need of security.

11. Discuss Gender Issues: Are the treatments the same for both sexes? Are women more likely to be diagnosed as having a disorder? Are women more likely to seek treatment?

12. Psychopathology The study of mental health that supports the idea that a disorder is an illness diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and treated (not cured) through therapy, which may include treatment in a hospital.

13. The DSM Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.(on-line) Classifyies disorders and describe the symptoms. Does NOT explain the causes or possible cures. Labels person with a disorder.

14. Problems with Diagnostic Labeling We come to see that person differently Labels can bias our interpretations and memories of that person or ourselves. Can be self-confirming – we knew it all along (hindsight bias) Self-fulfilling prophesy – we become our diagnosis David Rosenhan(1973) famous study.

15. The Rosenhan Study (1973) Rosenhan’s associates described symptoms of hearing voices. They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. None were exposed as imposters. When released their diagnosis was: schizophrenia in remission. Brings into question the problems with Labeling and Stigma.

16. Are disorders genuine illnesses or they a myth? Thomas Szasz- outspoken critic of psychiatric diagnosis and labels. Mental illness better viewed as “problems in living”. Society invented the concept to control or change people. “Why is it that when we talk to God we are praying, but when God talks to us, we are schizophrenic” Says some other sexist things as well.

17. Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

18. Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

19. Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

20. Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. Must be an irrational fear. Phobia List http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xge49FuX5v4

21. Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes- long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

22. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

23. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. Memories of the even cause anxiety. Guilt

24. Biological Key Terms Heredity – Predisposition: the likelihood for developing a disorder. (OCD) Brain function – higher degree of activity in the frontal lobes (OCD) - high ordered thinking and amygdala (phobias) – emotional part. Evolution - fear associated with situations that posed danger to earliest humans. (anxiety in general)

25. Social Cultural Key Terms Conditioning – learned to associate fear with certain places or things due to cultural experiences. Observational learning – fear learned from observing others (Bandura’s Bobo doll) Reinforcement – learned to associate emotions with actions. Get some kind of Pay- off (OCD). Cognitive Key Terms Maladaptive thinking – Catastrophizing - believing something is far worse than it is.

26. Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion. We will discuss two types. Depression and Bipolar Biological Explanations - Neurotransmitters – serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

27. Major Depression A.K.A. unipolar depression Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders. Dysthymia – a moderate depression that lasts for 2 years or more and is typically a reaction to some external stressor. Cyclothymia – mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and last 2 yrs.

28. Bipolar Disorder Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode. May be related to ADHD – hyperactivity-excessive movement and low concentration.

29. Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia, with more young men diagnosed rather than women. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1.Disorganized thinking. 2.Disturbed Perceptions 3.Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

30. Delusions (false beliefs) Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

31. Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

32. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

33. Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones.

34. Two Main Types of Therapy Psychotherapies – talk therapy, includes group, insight, action or a combination Biomedical – drugs or some medical procedure such as electrical shock treatment (ECT). Most therapy today focus on individual therapy and include some kind of action

35. Cognitive Therapy Change the way we Think about the world (change our schemas) Aaron Beck – focus on changing maladaptive thinking cognitive- behavioral therapy(CBT) - Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT) – more challenging less accepting of irrational beliefs and thoughts. Make you do homework and report back. Combined with Behavior modification – now called Applied behavior Analysis(ABA)

36. Group Therapy Not for the shy Self-help Group therapy like AA and ALNON, MADD, etc. “Keep coming back it works!” Family counseling (therapy) May or may not used a trained therapist.

37. How effective is psychotherapy? Hard to measure. Different problems take different therapy. People are different – some want help, some do not. Placebo effect Most crucial – therapeutic alliance between client and therapist. Gender and culture matter. Most effective are individual outlook on life and each individual way of perceiving of themselves in society.

38. Somatic Therapies – Biomedical- 3 types: drugs, surgery, shock(ECT) Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Bipolar (lithium)

39. Somatic Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression. Psychosurgery Prefontal lobotomy

40. Stress is a major cause of disorders and when a stressful situation occurs we have a physical response (how does it make your body feel) a cognitive one (what are you thinking) a behavioral one (what are you going to do)

41. Vulnerability-stress-model (aka Diasthesis-stress-hypothesis ) Predisposition: If someone who has a genetic predisposition to depression To pronounce Diasthesis use link: http://dictionary.referenc e.com/browse/diathesis?s =t Environmental influences: suffers a traumatic loss May be prime to develop a depressive disorder.

42. Bio-Psycho-Social Model Causes of Disorder (aka. Diathesis-Stress view)