2. 1914-1918: The World at War 1914-1918: The World at War

3. Differing Viewpoints  “ Family Feud ”  “ Fall of the Eagles ”  “ The War to End All Wars ”  “ The War to ‘ Make the World Safe for Democracy ’”

4. Causes of the War

5. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

6. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

7. The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

8. Europe in 1914

9. 2. Militarism & Arms Race 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

10. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

11. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

12. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “ Powder Keg ” of Europe

13. The “Spark”

14. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

15. The Assassination: Sarajevo

16. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

17. Who ’ s To Blame?

18. The Schlieffen Plan

19. German Atrocities in Belgium

20. Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

21. Recruitment Posters

22. A Young Australian Recruit

23. Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

24. New French Recruits

25. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

27. Women and the War Effort

28. Financing the War

29. For Recruitment

30. Munitions Workers

31. French Women Factory Workers

32. German Women Factory Workers

33. Working in the Fields

34. A Woman Ambulance Driver

35. Red Cross Nurses

36. Women in the Army Auxiliary

37. Russian Women Soldiers

38. Spies  “ Mata Hari ” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!  “ Mata Hari ” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

39. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

40. Australian Poster

41. American Poster

42. Financing the War

43. German Poster Think of Your Children!

44. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

45. A Multi-Front War

46. The Western Front

47. Trench Warfare

48. “ No Man ’ s Land ”

49. Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

50. The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

51. War Is HELL !!

52. Sacrifices in War

53. Krupp ’ s “ Big Bertha ” Gun

54. The Eastern Front

55. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

56. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

57. T. E. Lawrence & the “ Arab Revolt ”, 1916-18

58. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

59. The Tsar with General Brusilov

60. The “Colonial” Fronts

61. Sikh British Soldiers in India

62. Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

63. Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

64. Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China - 1916

65. America Joins the Allies

66. The Sinking of the Lusitania

67. The Zimmerman Telegram

68. The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

69. Americans in the Trenches

70. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

71. French Renault Tank

72. British Tank at Ypres

73. U-Boats

74. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

75. The Airplane “ Squadron Over the Brenta ” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

76. The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “ Red Baron ” ] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “ Mick ” Mannoch, Br.

77. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

78. Looking for the “ Red Baron? ”

79. The Zeppelin

80. Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

81. Poison Gas Machine Gun

82. “Art” of World War I

83. “ A Street in Arras ” John Singer Sargent, 1918

84. “ Oppy Wood ” – John Nash, 1917

85. “ Those Who Have Lost Their Names ” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

86. “ Gassed and Wounded ” Eric Kennington, 1918

87. “ Paths of Glory ” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

88. German Cartoon: “ Fit for active service! ”, 1918

89. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

90. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

91. 9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

92. The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

93. World War I Casualties

94. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

95. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

97. The French wanted to crush Germany in the same place where Bismarck formed it in 1871.

98. Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) David Lloyd George (Britain) Woodrow Wilson (US) Although there were delegates from 39 nations at the conference, the important decisions were made by the leaders of the three strongest Allied powers: the US, Britain, and France.

100. Wilson wanted “ peace without victory, ” and wanted defeated nations to be treated well to avoid a war of revenge in the future. Wilson introduced America ’ s goals his Fourteen Points, which were admired by the Germans, but not the other Allies. Wilson wanted to eliminate the basic causes of war, such as conflicts over nationalism and imperialism. United States

101. Self-determination – the idea that the peoples of Eastern Europe would chose their own form of government. Wilson also called for an end to alliances, a reduction of military arms, and self- determination. Wilson also argued for freedom of the seas, and the formation of the League of Nations. League of Nations – a group of countries with the goal of settling disputes through negotiation, rather than war.

102. The opposite of Wilson was Clemenceau from France who was nicknamed the “ Tiger ” for his fierce war policy. France Clemenceau wanted to crush the Germans so that they could never again invade France. Clemenceau felt that Wilson wanted to be too soft on Germany and said, “ Wilson has Fourteen Points…God Almighty has only ten! ”

104. 3. Germany was forbidden to have an Army over 100,000 men, no submarines, and no air force. 4. Germany lost Territory and colonies to Britain and France. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France, land was lost to Poland, and the Rhineland was to be occupied by Allied troops. 2. Germany had to pay over $33 billion in Reparations, or fines. BRAT 1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war in the form of a “war guilt” clause. Germany Germany ’ s punishment in the Treaty can be remembered as:

107. The industrial Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for 15 years.

108. Germany lost Alsace, Lorraine, north Schleswig, and the Polish Corridor.

109. The break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire led to the independence of four new nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro made up Yugoslavia. Austria, deprived of its entire empire, became a small nation. Austria- Hungary Ally Romania gained land, while Central Power Bulgaria lost land.

110. The weak Ottoman Empire (Turkey) was also broken up. Ottoman Empire Some of the territories were given independence, while others such as Palestine, Iraq, and Syria were given to Britain and France.

111. Communist Russia Four new nations gained independence from Russia : Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Russia also lost land to Poland and Romania. Since Russia ’ s new communist government left the war early, they were not invited to Versailles. The Allies wanted to weaken Russia to keep communism from spreading westward.

112. Land Russia lost

113. President Wilson succeeded in forming the League of Nations. The countries that joined the League promised to take cooperative economic and military actions against any aggressive country. Wilson ’ s Creation Although Wilson ’ s idea, the United States Congress rejected the League because Americans feared it would pull them into future European wars. The lack of the US severely weakened the League.

114. Many nations were upset with the Treaty of Versailles, and felt their goals had not been achieved. Germany was horrified by their reparations, reduced military, and territorial losses. Italy wanted to gain more land from Austria than it received. Americans also felt the Treaty was too harsh on Germany, and the US Congress refused to approve it. Japan was angry because the Allies did not recognize all of its claims in China.

115. China was angry that Japan had been given Germany’s sphere of influence. Russia was angry they were not invited to Versailles, and upset over losing Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Unfortunately, the treaty that ended the “ war to end all wars ” merely provided the motivation for WWII, just twenty years later.