1. World War I (1914-18) Unit Objectives 1. Define imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and alliances. Analyze how these terms played a major role in the outbreak of war in Europe along with the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914. 2. Identify and explain the 3 major causes of US involvement into World War I by 1917 and examine the impact that the US had on the outcome of World War I. 3. Evaluate the role of Woodrow Wilson at the conclusion of the war in 1918. Assess the purpose of his “14 Point Plan” and how it effected the final peace treaty. 4. Identify and analyze the major terms within the Treaty of Versailles. Predict how the Treaty of Versailles contradicted “Wilson’s 14 Points” and could lead to future conflict in Europe.

2. World War I (1914-1918) The Outbreak of The Great War

3. Key Terms to Know Imperialism Militarism Nationalism Alliances

4. Key Terms to Know Imperialism When a more powerful country takes over a weaker one for it’s resources Militarism Glorification of the military/war Nationalism Strong pride in your country Alliances

5. Background History Europe throughout the centuries leading up to the 20 th built their power through IMPERIALISM and the size of their EMPIRES The struggle to build empires resulted in many instances in rivalries, conflicts, and war Define: Imperialism, Empire

6. Arguably the most powerful European nations during the Age of Empires… England Canada, Egypt, S. Africa, Australia, India France SE Asia, N. Africa Russia Central Asia Italy Parts of Africa Austria-Hungary Balkan Peninsula (Greece, Serbia, Bosnia) Germany Central Africa, Pacific Islands Ottoman Empire Middle East

7. Rivalries and Conflicts France v. Germany Many wars, exchanges of territory Russia v. Austria-Hungary Claims in the Balkan Peninsula Russia v. Ottoman Empire Access to the Mediterranean Sea France v. Italy Religious conflicts

10. By 1900… European Empires and their global power were crumbling as colonizing foreign lands became a thing of the past Revolutionary Wars throughout the world had reduced once powerful European countries to nothing Power was evolving from owning land into something else… Military greatness? Strong government? Economic success? Industrial influence?

11. “Concert of Europe” These empires had always worked somewhat together in making sure that 1 empire never truly became a dominant one This BALANCE OF POWER served as a checks and balances systems amongst these countries With empires like the Ottoman Empire losing power and Russia and Austria-Hungary looking to take over their land this balance of power was threatening to be upset

12. The Alliance System With the balance of power upset and a country like Germany becoming stronger in industry and military, war was becoming a strong possibility These countries began looking for allies in case war did break out In the late 1800s, Germany created an alliance with Austria- Hungary and Italy THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE

13. The Alliance System To counter the TRIPLE ALLIANCE, France formed a pact with England and Russia THE TRIPLE ENTENTE

15. Germany’s 2-Front War Plan The Schlieffen Plan To try to prevent fighting on 2 sides Germany’s army would focus on the weaker but quicker French army first before Russia could get ready for war Once an all out assault on the French successfully made the French surrender, the Germans would be allowed to fight a stronger, larger, but slower Russian military with all of its forces

17. The Spark With the alliances set and tensions high between the European nations all that was needed was a spark to ignite a war The Balkan Peninsula had been a “powder keg” for many years leading into the 1900s Remember our discussion on Latin American independence… When a colonized country receives their freedom but has poor leadership what can happen?

21. The Balkans Countries within the Balkan Peninsula include… Greece Slovenia Serbia Romania Albania Bosnia Colonization of the countries mainly came from Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire Russia had heavy influence in this area due their cultural similarities

22. Balkan Independence The Balkan countries colonized by the Ottomans had slowly gained their freedom by the 1900s Corruption, violence, and terrorism were features of this area following independence Balkan countries colonized by A-H had not received their independence by the early 1900s Big push to free countries like Bosnia from A-H rule but were unsuccessful Nationalism?

23. Terrorist Revolts In an effort to stop the violence in Bosnia, A-H is preparing to send down Archduke Francis Ferdinand to speak with the Bosnian people

24. Launching Into War While parading around Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia), the archduke and his wife are shot and killed The assassin is from a Serbian terrorist group known as “The Black Hand” His name is Gavrilo Princip

25. Count Franz von Harrach The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne, on 28 June 1914, set in train a series of diplomatic events that led inexorably to the outbreak of war in Europe at the end of July 1914. Ferdinand - and his wife Sophie - were killed by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip while on a formal visit to Sarajevo. Princip shot Ferdinand at point blank range while the latter was travelling in his car from a town hall reception, having earlier that day already survived one assassination attempt. Standing on the car's sideboard was Count Franz von Harrach. A witness to Ferdinand's assassination he subsequently recounted the events of the day. A portion of his translated memoir is reproduced below.

26. Count Franz von Harrach As the car quickly reversed, a thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right check. As I was pulling out my handkerchief to wipe the blood away from his mouth, the Duchess cried out to him, "For God's sake! What has happened to you?“ At that she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car, with her face between his knees. I had no idea that she too was hit and thought she had simply fainted with fright. Then I heard His Imperial Highness say, "Sophie, Sophie, don't die. Stay alive for the children!“ At that, I seized the Archduke by the collar of his uniform, to stop his head dropping forward and asked him if he was in great pain. He answered me quite distinctly, "It is nothing!“ His face began to twist somewhat but he went on repeating, six or seven times, ever more faintly as he gradually lost consciousness, "It's nothing!“ Then came a brief pause followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood. This ceased on arrival at the governor's residence. The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death was soon established.

27. Effects of the Assassination Princip, who was sent to protest A-H’s involvement in Bosnia, unknowingly set in motion the beginning of World War I Princip was arrested by A-H police and when it was learned that he belonged to a Serbian terrorist group The focus of Austrian King Franz Joseph’s revenge was now the destruction of Serbia

28. The Problem… Serbia’s protector was Russia Austria-Hungary was fearful of triggering a war not just with Serbia but also with Russia They could not win a war against Russia

29. A-H’s Alliance Franz Joseph turns to Germany for help, asking for support if Russia was to go to war with A-H Germany agrees and gives A-H a “blank check of support” in their efforts against Serbia

30. The Ultimatum A-H, with Germany’s backing, gives Serbia and list of demands that if they are not met will result in war They are not met and A-H invades Serbia With the invasion of Serbia, Russia begins preparation for war against A-H and it’s allies

31. Germany’s Response Germany is faced with a choice to begin the Schlieffen Plan or hope that France does not support Russia in this war effort Wait, what has France had to with all of this? You’re right… nothing! The German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, decides to send their troops through Belgium and preemptively attack France…

32. 1. War declared by Russia with invasion of Serbia 2. War declared by Germany fulfilling alliance w/A-H 3. War declared by Germany with Schlieffen Plan 4. War declared by England when Belgium is invaded by Germany 5. War declared by Italy fulfilling Triple Alliance 6. War declared by OE protecting interests in Balkans