1. 632773 Perovskite Cubic Structure Perovskites have a wide range of application in technology, especially in solid-state ionics. Perovskites are currently used in sensors, memory devices(RAM), amplifier, fuel cells, superconductors and electroptical devices. Perovskites is opening up an entirely new field of applications, they are changing our world now. Property Perovskite materials exhibit many interesting and intriguing properties from both the theoretical and the application point of view. Colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectricity, superconductivity, charge ordering, spin dependent transport, high thermopower and the interplay of structural, magnetic and transport properties are commonly observed features in this family. These compounds are used as sensors and catalyst electrodes in certain types of fuel cells and are candidates for memory devices and spintronics applications. Many superconducting ceramic materials (the high temperature superconductors) have perovskite-like structures as well. Changing our current or future life ? -Photovoltaic Perovskite have long been of interest for their superconducting and ferroelectric properties. But, in recent years, it was discovered that they are also remarkably efficient at absorbing photons of the lights and that this can be converted into an electric current in photovoltaic solar cells.

2. 632773 References ： 1. Structure: Perovskite (CaTiO3). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts/UC_Davis/UCD_Chem_124A%3A_Kauzlarich/ChemWiki_Module_Topics/Structure%3A_Perovskite_(CaTi O3) 2. Superconducting and ferroelectric properties of perovskite. (2014, Jun 27). Retrieved from http://phys.org/news/2014-06-superconducting- ferroelectric-properties-perovskite.html 3. Perovskite (structure). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_(structure) 4. Perovskite can boost solar cell performance by 20%. (2014, Sept 27). Retrieved from http://www.oxfordpv.com/oxford-pv-news/solar-cell- performance-boosts-by-20-percent 5. Ucilia, W. (2014, Sept 28). Perovskite Offers Shot at Cheaper Solar Energy. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/perovskite-offers-shot- at-cheaper-solar-energy-1411937799 6. April, G. (2014, Aug 12). Perovskite materials lead to better LEDs, possibly advance flat-panel displays. Retrieved from http://ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-today/perovskite-materials-lead-to-better-leds-possibly-advance-flat-panel-displays 7. Richard, V. N (2014, Sept 24). Cheap solar cells tempt businesses. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/cheap-solar-cells-tempt- businesses-1.15986 - Cheap and Efficiency Compared with other materials : -Commercial silicon modules convert 17–25% of solar radiation into electricity, and much smaller perovskite cells have already reached a widely reproduced rate of 16–18% in the lab. - Perovskite is increasing from 3.8% in 2009 to over 19% by the end of 2014 – four relatively short years, and silicon is always keeping the rate of 25% in past 20 years. Perovskite materials are the newest contender for breaking the silicon ceiling in solar cell technology. Good for this materials: Cheap manufacturing- it is about five times cheaper than current thin-film solar cells. High efficiency photovoltaics and excellent charge carrier transport- perovskite as the absorbing layer can have solar to electrical power conversion efficiencies of over 17 percent. And the data is continuously improving. perovskite can be made of common metals and industrial chemicals, instead of the expensive raw materials used in other silicon substitutes. Also, perovskite-based materials could be used to print photovoltaic electronics directly onto glass or other materials, which would be cheaper than more-complex methods for producing thin-film solar cells. The biggest challenge facing perovskite solar cells is long-term stability in a wide range of environments. Figure 2. Efficiency of solar cells