1. Summer 2006 Workshop in Biology and Multimedia for High School Teachers

2. Dr. Joel Gluck Department of Science, NEL/CPS Construction Career Academy Department of Biology, Community College of Rhode Island

4. Bipedal Fish, Tree Frog, Human, Earthworm, Tiger Fur or hair Limbs Jaws

5. Fish

6. a branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group WHAT IS A CLADOGRAM?… CLADOGRAM Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_03

7. Look at the cladogram at the right. What conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between humans and chimps? Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05

8. HOW TO READ A CLADOGRAM This diagram shows a relationship between 4 relatives. These relatives share a common ancestor at the root of the tree. Note that this diagram is also a timeline. The older organism is at the bottom of the tree. The four descendents at the top of the tree are DIFFERENT species. This is called SPECIATION. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05

9. Branches on the tree represent SPECIATION, the formation of a new species. The event that causes the speciation is shown as the fork of the “V”. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05

10. Species B and C each have characteristics that are unique only to them. But they also share some part of their history with species A. This shared history is the common ancestor. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05

11. Ask your table partner to summarize the relationship between A and B. What is the only thing A and B have in common? Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_05

12. A CLADE is a group of organisms that come from a common ancestor. If you cut a branch of the tree, you could remove all the organisms that make up a CLADEE. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_06

13. Look at your original description of this picture. Has your understanding of this diagram changed? How? Let’s go back to this diagram. Something to Ponder… Did humans evolve from chimps? NO What familial relationship is a good description of the relationship between chimps and humans? DISTANT COUSINS Are humans more highly evolved than chimps? NO- since the lineage is split, each species has evolved unique traits. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_07

14. Nodes represent a common ancestor

15. Ancestral Character is common to all groups in the cladogram Derived Characters are newly evolved traits for a clade

17. Turn to page 525 in the Gator book, Complete “Construct a Cladogram” on your own paper. Drawing and questions 1-3

18. CHAPTER 17 The T ree of Life Q uick Lab McDougal Littell Biology Lab Binder C LASSIFICATION AND D IVERSITY 10 Co p yright © b y McDougal Li t tell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Compa n y. QUICK LAB Construct a Cladogram You can think of a cladogram as an evolutionary family tree in which things that are more closely related share more characteristics. As an analogy, processes that have evolved due to new technologies can be organized using cladistics. In this lab you, will fill in a cladogram for methods of transportation. Problem How can methods of transportation be organized using a cladogram? Procedure 1Copy the cladogram axes above into your notebook. 2Think about the characteristics of the following methods of transportation: bicycle, car, motorcycle, airplane, and on foot. 3 Complete your cladogram by filling in each method of transportation listed in step 2 on the appropriate line at the top. Analyze and Conclude 1.Identify What “derived characters” are used in this cladogram? 2. Analyze Which mode of transportation may be considered an “outgroup”—a group that has none of the characteristics labeled on the cladogram? 3. Make an Analogy A species that has evolved a new trait is not better than a species without that trait. Each species is just adapted to a certain way of life. When might riding a bike have an advantage over flying in an airplane? CHAPT ER 1 7 PROCESS SKILLS Classifying win gs passeng ers enclose d mot or whee ls

19. WHAT IS GOING ON? The tree is getting larger.Did the tree evolve?

20. Biological evolution is NOT just a change over time. The definition of evolution is Descent with Modification Some sort of change within a lineage. Change with inheritance over a small period of time. Change with inheritance over a long period of time.. Images courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_02

21. But what is this change? GENETICS Image courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sky_spectral_karyotype.gif

22. So, we can change our definition of evolution from DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION to DESCENT THROUGH GENETIC INHERITANCE Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/evo_20

23. How does evolution work? What are the selective forces that cause evolution to occur? How can we get genetically DIFFERENT organisms that come from the SAME common ancestor? MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION

24. Recall, there needs to be some long term change of the gene frequency over time. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION Which of these is evolution? Drought causes a decrease in food. This causes a decrease in beetle size. There are more beetles in the population that have genes for green color. Years later, there are more brown beetles than green ones. A B B- These two generations are genetically different. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/evo_15

25. GENETIC VARIATION Gene Flow Movement of genes from one population to another. Sex Sexual reproduction causes new combinations of genes. Mutation Changes in DNA Images courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/

26. MUTATIONS Mutations are RANDOM 2 Types: Somatic-not in gametes so they are not heritable. Germ-found in gametes so they are heritable. Causes: 1.DNA copying error 2. Environment Cause DNA breakdown Imperfect repair Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0

27. Suppose that some organism left behind a few more offspring than other organisms. The ones that are left are the “lucky” ones. But their genes may be no more advantageous than anyone else’s. Entirely random. Doesn’t produce adaptations, only a mixing of the gene pool. GENETIC DRIFT

28. Natural selection is the process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. organisms traits reproduce NATURAL SELECTION

29. COMPONENTS OF NATURAL SELECTION There is more than one representation of a trait. Green and Brown Beetles Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0

30. COMPONENTS OF NATURAL SELECTION Not all individuals will be able to reproduce. Due to environmental issues, illness, etc… DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION Birds eat green beetles, not brown ones. What’s Left? What’s the end result? Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0

31. The brown beetles that are left will mate and have brown offspring. The brown trait has a genetic basis. This is called HEREDITY. Components of Natural Selection Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0

32. Finally, the brown trait (which is more advantageous) allows the beetle to survive in order to reproduce. Eventually, all beetles in this population will be brown. This PHENOTYPE has been SELECTED over the green phenotype. Image courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0

33. NATURAL SELECTION Charles Darwin, 1880 *public domain Populations are not perfect. It is not the result of wanting or needing something. There are no goals associated with the end result. Somewhat random.

34. EXAMPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION Orchids fool wasps into “mating” with them. Katydids have camouflage to look like leaves Non-poisonous king snakes mimic poisonous coral snakes. Images courtesy of http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article//evo_26

35. SUMMARY