1. Nursing through history: A prelude to the present Nursing as an art, science & profession Dr. Aidah Abu Elsoud Alkaissi Department of Nursing & Midwifery An- Najah National University

2. Nursing as an art Nursing was largely the care of theill in the hospital and the care of the mothers & children in the community Nursing primarily the art of caring, based on intuition and skills training rather than on science

3. Nursing science had been sawn by Florence Nightingale, social forces supported the growth of nursing as art and constrained its development as a science Expression of self is, in turn an element of art. The artistic or creative expression of self suggests the importance of developing unique aspects of personal ability

4. The intuitive بديهية nature of nursing has been identified and supported as the art of nursing Donahue wrote,” Nursing is not merely a technique but a process that incorporates the elements of soul, mind and imagination In the book of Donahue “ the finest art” an illustrated history, the illustration capture the beauty, appeal, راع and significance of interpersonal care, aid, comfort, across all the ages.

5. Creative nurses Florerance Nightingale, the versatile genius عبقرية تنوعا who created modern nursing Lillian Wald who pioneered الريادة public health or community nursing Mary Brechenridge, Who founded the frontier رائد nursing service Virginia Hendirsson, who created a modern worldwide definition of nursing Marth Roger, A contemporary catalyst محفز المعاصرة for theory development

6. Creative nurses Other true artist of nursing is toil كدح with less recognition-interact with clients of different ages in a variety of setting Mid 20 th, a renewed interest in art and creativity paralleled a growing interest in nursing as a science and nurses as scholars العلماء

7. Nursing Nursing is also the reflection of feelings and perceptions, because the core and essence of nursing is interpersonal interaction The art of nursing finds expression in many ways These include, both a nurse´s sensitivity to and perception of the client or patient´s thoughts and feelings It includes also the nurses expression of thoughts and feelings to the client

8. Nursing An example of the former سابق could be a nurse´s artistic sensitivity to a patient´s nonverbal behaviour indicating anxiety or pain Nursing practice as both art and science offers the best of both worlds to society and widest range of practice expression to nurses

9. Nursing as a science Florence (1859) is recognized as nursing´s first scientist/theorist for her writings, Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not. She identified nursing as a scientific discipline separate from medicine Her strongest action supporting this view was creating independent schools of nursing where nurses (rather than doctors) assumed responsibility for nursing education

10. Nursing as a science The early science of nursing was not a separate and recognized discipline like chemistry or psychology It was a loosely defined body of scientific facts and principles underlying physician prescribed nursing activities

11. Nursing as a science Physician taught nurses the knowledge of asepsis needed to perform the delegated duties safely but taught to do so without questions A major breakthrough for the discipline of nursing when nursing schools moved into university settings and nurses began to study the basic science s and humanitieson which nursing was thought to bebased

12. Nursing as a science This served two major purposes 1) it gave nurses the educational foundation necessary to make the scientific applications themselves rather than to take them on faith 2) It gave nurses basic college credit in scientific discipline related to nursing, which in turn prepared nurses to earn advanced degree in a variety of bio-psychosocial sciences

13. Nursing as a science For example, nurses became psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists and physiologists Number of nursing school offering the doctorate in nursing. Doctorally prepared nurses have the advanced research skills necessary to conduct independent scientific investigations and to contribute to nursing theory

14. Nursing as A profession The person is expert Professional: politely as a title of distinction Ask one what is your profession: what work do you do? Professionalism: professional character, spirit or methods, professionalism also encompasses teaching and activities fond in various occupational groups whose members aspire يطمح to be professional

15. Professionalism Is a process of acquiring or changing characteristics in the direction of a profession The occupations traditionally accepted as professions are medicine, law You may or may not consider nursing to be a profession Nursing is somewhat different from what you expect

16. General criteria for profession A body of knowledge on which skills and services are based An ability to deliver a unique service to other humans Education that is standarized and based in colleges and universities Control of standards for practice Responsibility and accountability of members for their own actions Career commitment by members Independent function (Schein & Kommers1972)

17. Deductive arguments الحجج استنتاجي المنطق استنتاجي Inductive: حثي الاستدلال الاستقرائي