1. Endocrine System Allied Health Sciences 1 Mrs. Garon

2. Glands Endocrine Glands Endocrine Glands Secretes hormones directly into bloodstream Secretes hormones directly into bloodstream Ductless Ductless Exocrine Glands Exocrine Glands Secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas) Secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas)

3. Function of the Endocrine System To secrete substances (hormones- chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs). To secrete substances (hormones- chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs).

4. Hormonal Control Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion, for example: Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion, for example: 1. Blood level of hormone falls 2. Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland 3. Gland stimulates more hormone 4. When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

5. Pituitary Gland Tiny structure the size of a grape Tiny structure the size of a grape Located at the base of the brain (cranial cavity) Located at the base of the brain (cranial cavity) Connected to the hypothalamus Connected to the hypothalamus Divided into anterior and posterior lobes Divided into anterior and posterior lobes The “Master Gland” The “Master Gland” Pituitary-Hypothalamus Interaction Pituitary-Hypothalamus Interaction Releases hormones from the anterior pituitary are controlled by “releasing factors” from the hypothalamus Releases hormones from the anterior pituitary are controlled by “releasing factors” from the hypothalamus While hypothalamus is part of the nervous system, it produces two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary While hypothalamus is part of the nervous system, it produces two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary Anterior Pituitary Lobe Anterior Pituitary Lobe Growth hormone- responsible for growth and development Growth hormone- responsible for growth and development Prolactin- develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth- produced by the pituitary gland. Prolactin- develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth- produced by the pituitary gland. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-acts on the thyroid gland Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone-acts on the thyroid gland Follicle-Stimulating Hormone- stimulates growth of graafian follicle to grow in the ovary and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone- stimulates growth of graafian follicle to grow in the ovary and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males. Luteinizing Hormone- stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females. Luteinizing Hormone- stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females. FSH and LH are pituitary hormones that act on the ovaries and testes. FSH and LH are pituitary hormones that act on the ovaries and testes.

6. Posterior Pituitary Lobe Vasopressin- converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H20 in the body. Vasopressin- converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H20 in the body. Oxytocin- released during childbirth causing contractions in the uterus and can be given to induce labor (Pitocin). Oxytocin- released during childbirth causing contractions in the uterus and can be given to induce labor (Pitocin).

7. Thyroid Gland Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue On either side of the larynx, over trachea On either side of the larynx, over trachea H-shaped H-shaped Main hormone- Thyroxine is controlled by the secretion of TSH. Main hormone- Thyroxine is controlled by the secretion of TSH. Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism, stimulates cellular metabolism Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism, stimulates cellular metabolism Calcitonin- controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia. Calcitonin- controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia.

8. Parathyroid Glands Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice Attached to posterior thyroid in the neck Attached to posterior thyroid in the neck Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia. Tends to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood. Produce parathormone which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia. Tends to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood.

9. Thymus Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart- thoracic cavity Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart- thoracic cavity Begins to disappear at puberty Begins to disappear at puberty

10. Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Located on top of each kidney Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids- they are anti-inflammatory Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids- they are anti-inflammatory They are: mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones They are: mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones Androgens are male sex hormones Androgens are male sex hormones Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine Adrenalin is a powerful cardiac stimulent- “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation. Response to stress. Adrenalin is a powerful cardiac stimulent- “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation. Response to stress.

11. Gonads Located in the pelvic cavity Located in the pelvic cavity Ovary in a female Ovary in a female Testes in male Testes in male Estrogen- development of female reproductive organs secondary sex characteristics. Estrogen- development of female reproductive organs secondary sex characteristics. Progesterone- plays a part in the menstrual cycle Progesterone- plays a part in the menstrual cycle Testosterone- male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone- male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.

12. Pancreas Located behind the stomach- abdominal cavity Located behind the stomach- abdominal cavity Endocrine and exocrine functions Endocrine and exocrine functions Involved in production of insulin by islets of langerhans, endocrine portion of the pancreas. Involved in production of insulin by islets of langerhans, endocrine portion of the pancreas. Insulin- promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis, secretes the most insulin after meals. Insulin acts to lower blood sugar levels. Insulin- promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis, secretes the most insulin after meals. Insulin acts to lower blood sugar levels. Other cells in islets of langerhans secrete glucagon, action may opposite that of glucose (increase glucose in bloodstream). Other cells in islets of langerhans secrete glucagon, action may opposite that of glucose (increase glucose in bloodstream).

13. Pineal Glands Located in 3 rd ventricle in brain, produces melatonin. Located in 3 rd ventricle in brain, produces melatonin. Another Hormone Prostaglandins- tissue hormones, can cause constriction of blood vessels, muscle contractions. Can be used to induce labor. Prostaglandins- tissue hormones, can cause constriction of blood vessels, muscle contractions. Can be used to induce labor.

14. Endocrine Disorders Gigantism Gigantism Hyperfunction of the pituitary-too much growth hormone. Hyperfunction of the pituitary-too much growth hormone. In preadolescent- overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness In preadolescent- overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness Acromegaly Acromegaly Hyperfunction of pituitary-too much growth hormone in adulthood. Hyperfunction of pituitary-too much growth hormone in adulthood. Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands, joints, and feet. Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands, joints, and feet. Attacks cartilage- so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlarge. Attacks cartilage- so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlarge. Rx= drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation Rx= drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

15. Endocrine Disorders continued… Dwarfism Dwarfism Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood Small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal Small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal Sexual immaturity Sexual immaturity Rx- early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone Rx- early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Insipidus Drop in amount of ADH from posterior pituitary, excessive loss of water Drop in amount of ADH from posterior pituitary, excessive loss of water Symptoms- polyuria and polydipsia Symptoms- polyuria and polydipsia Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid gland Overactive thyroid gland Too much thyroxin secreted leading to enlargement of gland Too much thyroxin secreted leading to enlargement of gland People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of glad (goiter) and bulging of eyeballs (exophthalmos) Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of glad (goiter) and bulging of eyeballs (exophthalmos) Simple goiter is caused by low dietary intake of iodine. Simple goiter is caused by low dietary intake of iodine. Symptoms- nervous irritability. Fatigue is not a symptom. Symptoms- nervous irritability. Fatigue is not a symptom. Rx= total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxin, radiation. Rx= total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxin, radiation.

16. Endocrine Disorders continued… Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Not enough thyroxine secreted Not enough thyroxine secreted May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) Major cause of other types of inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Major cause of other types of inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Symptoms- dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night Symptoms- dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night Myxedema Myxedema Hypothyroidism in adults Hypothyroidism in adults Face gets swollen, weight increases Face gets swollen, weight increases Rx= daily medication of thyroxine Rx= daily medication of thyroxine Cretinism Cretinism Hypothyroidism in early infancy or childhood Hypothyroidism in early infancy or childhood Lack of mental and physical growth causes mental retardation and very small stature Lack of mental and physical growth causes mental retardation and very small stature Rx= thyroid extract- damage cannot be undone but treatment can halt progression Rx= thyroid extract- damage cannot be undone but treatment can halt progression

17. Endocrine Disorders continued… Tetany Tetany Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands could cause tetany. Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands could cause tetany. In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles Rx= Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone Rx= Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone Cushing’s Syndrome Cushing’s Syndrome Blood sugar levels go up Blood sugar levels go up Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or prolonged use of prednisone May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or prolonged use of prednisone Symptoms- high blood pressure, muscle weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), menstrual disorders Symptoms- high blood pressure, muscle weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), menstrual disorders Rounded moon face and buffalo hump Rounded moon face and buffalo hump Rx- surgical removal of tumor Rx- surgical removal of tumor

18. Endocrine Disorders continued… Addison’s Disease Addison’s Disease Hypofunction of adrenal cortex Hypofunction of adrenal cortex Symptoms- bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia, hypotension, etc. Symptoms- bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia, hypotension, etc. Rx- replace deficient hormones Rx- replace deficient hormones Steroid Abuse in Sports Steroid Abuse in Sports Anabolic steroids (androgens) can help build bigger, stronger muscles Anabolic steroids (androgens) can help build bigger, stronger muscles Risks far outweigh temporary improvements- males have liver changes, atrophy of testicles, breast enlargement, and cardiovascular disease Risks far outweigh temporary improvements- males have liver changes, atrophy of testicles, breast enlargement, and cardiovascular disease Female risks include amenorrhea, abnormal placement of body hair, baldness, voice changes Female risks include amenorrhea, abnormal placement of body hair, baldness, voice changes

19. Endocrine Disorders continued… Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus Caused by decreased secretion of insulin Caused by decreased secretion of insulin can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non-insulin dependent can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non-insulin dependent Symptoms- polyuria, polyphagia, polydypsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma Symptoms- polyuria, polyphagia, polydypsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma If not treated, excess glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria). If not treated, excess glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria). Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypoglycemia->insulin shock) If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypoglycemia->insulin shock) If blood sugar gets too high- hyperglycemia->lack of insulin or a diabetic coma. If blood sugar gets too high- hyperglycemia->lack of insulin or a diabetic coma. Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet Test for diabetes- blood sample measured in glucometer- done by patient in home- normal blood sugar 80-100mg. Test for diabetes- blood sample measured in glucometer- done by patient in home- normal blood sugar 80-100mg.

20. Endocrine Disorders continued… Seasonal Affective Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder Also called “cabin fever”, “winter blues” or “sunshine disorder”. Also called “cabin fever”, “winter blues” or “sunshine disorder”. Depression or anxiety people feel during dark days of winter Depression or anxiety people feel during dark days of winter Cause may be due to increase in melatonin from pineal gland Cause may be due to increase in melatonin from pineal gland Rx- sunshine Rx- sunshine

21. The End!!!!