1. Floorings

2. Name: Rajesh Parmar Enrollment No.: 130030106076

3. Subject name:Building construction Subject code: 2130607

4. The construction at the bottom of each room is floor
The construction at the bottom of each room is floor. The purpose of the floor is to provide a level surface,capable of supporting the occupants of the building ,furniture and sometimes internal partitions. The floor constructed at the plinth level at about 45 to 60 cm above the ground level is called ground floor while the floors at each storey above the ground floor are known as upper floors

5. The storey constructed below the ground floor is called basement while the top most floor is called terrace. Components and materials of a floor A floor is composed of two essential components: 1.sub-floor,base course or floor base. 2.floor covering or simply flooring. The materials used for floor finish or flooring are: -mud or murrum -bricks -Flag stones

6. Bricks flooring
Mud flooring

7. Flag stones
concrete

8. Mosaic tiles
Terrazo flooring

9. Marble
granolithic

10. Wood or timber
asphalt

11. Rubber
PVC

12. -Concrete -Mosaic tiles -Terrazo -Marble -Granolithic Finish -Wood or timber -Asphalt -Rubber -PVC Essential Requirements of a floor -Adequate strength and stability -Adequate fire resistance -Sound insulation -damp resistance -Thermal insulation

13. Selection of flooring material or floor finish: The various factors that effect the choice of flooring materials are as follows: -Initial cost -Appearance -cleanliness -Durability -Damp resistance -Sound insulation -Thermal insulation -Fire resistance -smoothness -Hardness -maintenance

14. Types of floors: A) Ground floors: 1. Brick flooring
Types of floors: A) Ground floors: 1.Brick flooring. -commonly used in ware houses,stores and godowns where heavy articles are stored -The flooring is bricklaid arranged mostly in herring bone fashion. -the earth filling under the floor is compacted first and then 10 to 15 cm thick layer of cement concrete(1:4:8) or lime concrete-BBLC(1:2:4) is laid. -then the bricks are laid on it and the joints are filled with mortar. -The flooring should be cured for a minimum period of 7 days before use.

15. Merits -It is durable and sufficiently hard -It is cheaper than cement concrete,wooden or mosaic flooring -It is non-slippery -It is easily repairable Demerits It is absorbent

16. Flag stone flooring Any laminiscated sand stone available in uniform thickness is called flag stone,also known as kotah stone. -The stone slab for flooring may be square or rectangle with width not less than 38 cm and thickness varing from 20 to 40 mm.

17. -At first 10 to 15 cm earth bed layer is prepared and then 20 to 25 cm thick layer of bed mortar is prepared. -upon it cement slurry is spreaded and then stone slabs are laid over it ,gently pressing them with the help of wooden mallet and a levelled surface is obtained. -At last the joints are filled with mortar. A slope of 1 to 40 is necessary for flag stone flooring for proper drainage.

18. Merits -It is hard,durable and resistant to wear and tear and as such it is used in workshops and garages and godowns. -It is easily repairable. -It is easy in construction. -It is economical where stones are available in plenty. Demerits -It does not give pleasing appearance so not suitable to provide in residential building. -Its usage is not comfortable.

19. Tiled floor: Depending on the types of material used tiled flooring are as follows: Terrazo flooring:The terrazo or marble mosaic tiles are manufactured under hydraulic presuure in factories are available in following 3 sizes: 1)200 * 200 * 20 mm 2)250 * 250 * 22 mm 3)300 * 300 * 25 mm The total thickness of the pile comprises of two layers i.e the upper layer and the backing.

20. The thickness of upper layer varies from 5 to 6mm and it consists of mix of cement,aggregates and coloured pigments. The backing of tile consists of mixtute of cement and aggregates in proportion 1:3. after its making it is submerged in water tank for a period of 7 days. After laying the flooring is cured for 7 days and there after the tiles are ground with grinding machine using grinding stone no Grinding is also called polishing.

21. Again the floor is cured and polished second time with grinding stone no Day after the second grinding again the entire surface is finally grounted by stone no Finally the surface is cleaned by using oxalic acid water.

22. Chequered tile flooring The chequered tiles are available in following standard size: 1)200 * 200 * 20 mm 2)250 * 250 * 22 mm 3)300 * 300 * 25 mm The method of laying the tiles is same as that of terrazo flooring except that the polishing of the tiles is to be done by hand.

23. Glazed tile flooring glazed tiles are available in following standard sizes: 100 * 100 * 5 to 6 mm 150 * 100 * 5 to 6 mm The difference is here the top surface is glazed,the laying and other all processes are same as that of tarrazo tiles Adhesives is applied on the base and back of PVC tiles. After applying the ashesives the tiles are laid.

24. PVC Tile flooring PvC tiles are now manufactured in variety of shades and design and are used in residential as well as non residential building. It gives a decorative floor finish which is is resilient,smooth and can be cleaned easily. It can be laid over a prepared base which may be of concrete,timber etc. Here adhesives are applied on the base as well as on the back of PVC tiles and then the tiles are laid.

25. After laying,the tiles are pressed suitably with wooden rollers to ensure intimate contact with base. Extra adhesive that oozes out is wiped off and the flooring finally cleaned with warm soap before use. Merits: It is non absorbent. It is easily repairable in patches. It offers pleasant appearance. It is durable. It permits quick laying of floor. It is resistant to wear and has fairly good stength.

26. Demerits: This type of construction is very costly and its maintenance cost is also very high. It becomes slippery when becomes wet It gets damaged when it comes in contact with burning objects like paper,matchstick etc.

27. Cement Concrete Flooring
Cement Concrete Flooring. This type of flooring is commonly used both in residential as well as public buildings. The method of laying cement concrete flooring can be broadly divided in the following steps: PREPARATION OF SUB-BASE- The earth filling in plinth is consolidated thoroughly so as to ensure that no loosepockets are left. then 10 to 15cm thick layer of coarse sand is spread, the layer is consolidated and given a slope.

28. LAYING OF BASE CONCRETE- In cement concrete, mix used is 1:5:10 (1 cement: 5 sand: 10 coarse aggregate to a thickness 7.5 to 10cm. lime concrete (1:2:4) may be used with 40mm aggregates. LAYING of TOPPING- when the base concrete layer has fully set, entire area is divided into rectangular or square panels by 4mm thick glass strips. the surface of base concrete is made damp and applied a layer of cement slurry and then concrete mix(1:2:4) is laid in required thickness. the concrete is spread evenly by using a straight edge and surface is tamped and floated with wooden floats till the cream of mortar comes at top. flooring is cured for 10 days before use.

29. MERITS:- NON-ABSORBENT, DURABLE, SMOOTH AND PLEASING IN APPEARANCE, ECONOMICAL, GOOD WEARING PROPERTIES AND CAN BE MAINTAINED CLEAN. DEMERITS:- CANNOT BE SATISFACTORILY REPAIRED, DEFECTS CANNOT BE RECTIFIED EASILY.

30. GRANOLITHIC FLOORING- It is a finished coat provided over the concrete surface to form a hard, durable and resistant to wear flooring. It is composed of cement, sand and specially selected aggregates of basalt and limestone suitably graded from 13mm to 40mm. The concrete mix is usually 1:1:2 or 1:1:3 and is laid before the base concrete is set. the surface is tamped, floated and smoothened.

31. TERRAZO FLOORING- Terrazo is a concrete surface with special aggregate of marble chips mixed with white or coloured cement in 3:1 proportion. THE 40mm THICK FLOORING CONSISTS OF 6mm THICK LAYER OF TERRAZO TOPPING AND 34mm THICK UNDER LAYER OF CEMENT CONCRETE 1:2:4. Prior to laying flooring, the whole area is divided into suitable panels by use of dividing strips made from copper, glass, brass or aluminium of thickness not less than 1.5mm AND WIDTH NOT LESS THAN 25mm. The aggregates are exposed by grinding the surface by carborundum stone grade no. 60, 120 and 320 in a successive gap of 5 days each. The finished surface is finally washed with dilute oxalic acid solution.

32. Upper Floors

33. 2 Single joist timber floors c a b PLAN Joist Strutting
Span (below 3m) a b
PLAN

34. Detail at c’
Air space
Floor boards
Joist
Wall
Wall plate
Ceiling

35. Section on ab Joist Wedges Floor boards 300 – 400 mm
Herring bone strutting
300 – 400 mm

36. 􀁠 These floors consist of single joist, which are placed below the floorboards. 􀁠 The joists are usually placed at a centre to centre distance of 30cm to 45cm. 􀁠 The joists are supported on wall-plates at their ends. A space of about 50mm is kept for the circulation of air . 􀁠 Single joist timber floor can be adopted for a maximum span of about 3.6m. 􀁠 When the span of joist exceeds 2.4m, it becomes necessary to strengthen the joist by providing herring bone strutting.

37. 􀁠 In this arrangement, inclined timber pieces are firmly fixed between the joists and the ends of these struts are nailed to the joist. 􀁠 At the end, wedges are provided between the wall and the joists.

38. 3 Double joist timber floors 1.8m to 2.4m 3.6 to 7.5m 300mm Binders
Bridging 300 mm c/c
Binders
PLAN

39. Methods of fixing binders with joists
Floor boards
Notched joint
Bridging Joist
Bridging Joist
Cogged
Joint
Binders
Fillet

41. In this type of floors, intermediate supports known as binders, are provided for bridging joists. Binders are generally placed at a centre to centre distance of 1.80m to 2.40m as shown in fig .The ends of binders rest on wooden or stone blocks. 􀁠 Double joist timber floors are stronger than the single joist timber floors. 􀁠 They are suitable for spans of 3.60 to 7.50m. 􀂾 This type of floors has following disadvantages. (i) The weight of floor is thrown on few points in a wall. (ii) Depth of floor is increased by the use of binders and accordingly height of the room is decreased.

42. Disadvantages
The weight of the floor is thrown on the few points on the wall.
Depth of the floor is increased by use of binders and accordingly, the height of the room is decreased.
Bridging Joist
Binders

43. 4 Framed or triple joist timber floors Bridging joist Binders
More than 7.5m
Girders
PLAN

44. Details of framed timber floors
Floor boards
Bridging joists
Girders
Binder
Binder
Tusk and tenon joint
Ceiling

45. 􀁠 In this type of floors, intermediate supports, known as girders , are provided for the binders. Thus, this type of floor consists of girders, binders, bridging joists and floor boards as shown in fig . Girders are generally placed at a centre to centre distance of 3 metres. Binders are staggered and connected to girders by tusk and tenon joints, to decrease overall depth of floor. The ends of girders rest on walls on concrete templates. This type of timber floor is suitable for spans greater than 7.50.

46. Single joist Double joist Triple joist (framed) Bridging joist
Strutting
Below 3 m
Bridging joist
1.8m to 2.4m
Binders
3.6 to 7.5m
Binder
Girder
More than 7.5m
Bridging joist