1. Rope and textiles

2. Textiles Anything made of fibers –paper –Fibers are twisted into yarn or string or thread –Threads are twisted or woven into: Clothes Cordage (Rope and stuff) Actually a big deal--you need textiles for civilization –It hard to depend on skins for clothes –Cotton caused the civil war--kinda

3. Historical perspective Plant fibers have been used throughout human history, initially as strips of bark, stems, or leaves to make mats, baskets, etc. Wild cotton used for spinning and twining is traceable to Peru 12,000 ybp. Flax has been used for 8000 years, so plant fibers were apparently used in weaving before animal fibers.

4. Historical writing surfaces papyrus (Cyperus papyrus; Cyperaceae) – from Egyptians, ca. 4500 years ago, learned by Greeks & Romans rice paper (Fatsia papyrifera, Araliaceae) - Orient mulberry paper (Broussonetia papyrifera, Moaraceae) – Mayans Also, non-plant substances; e.g., parchment, clay

5. Paper trivia Each American uses about 144 pounds of paper per year! More than 500,000 trees per week are used to produce the 2/3 of newspapers that are never recycled. Every ton of paper that is recycled saves 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, & 4,100 kilowatts of electricity. Producing paper from recycled fibers reduces air pollutants by as much as 74% and water pollutants by as much as 35%. Paper making is one of the most polluting of industries. Ca. 50% of harvestable wood in industrial nations goes to paper making.

6. cellulose plant fibers are composed of cellulose - long chain of glucose molecules animal fibers are protein (collagen)

7. Most synthetic fibers are produced from petroleum Nylon, polyester, etc. Exception is rayon

8. Fabric  Fabric is made of fibers. Fibers are made of twisted filaments  Types of fibers and fabric  Natural—animal, vegetable or inorganic  Artificial—synthesized or created from altered natural sources

9. Types of Fibers Synthetic  Rayon  Nylon  Acetate  Acrylic  Spandex  Polyester Natural  Silk  Cotton  Flax/linen  Wool  Mohair  Cashmere

10. Cellulose Fibers Cotton—vegetable fiber; strong, tough, flexible, moisture absorbent, not shape retentive Rayon—chemically-altered cellulose; soft, lustrous, versatile "Cellulose acetate—cellulose chemically-altered to create an entirely new compound not found in nature.

11. Protein Fibers  Wool—animal fiber coming most often from sheep, but may be goat (mohair), rabbit (angora), camel, alpaca, llama, vicuna  Silk—insect fiber that is spun by a silk worm to make its cocoon; fiber reflects light and has insulating properties

12. Mineral Fibers  Asbestos—a natural fiber that has been used in fire-resistant substances  Rock wool—a manufactured mineral fiber  Fiberglass—a manufactured inorganic fiber

13. Synthetic Fibers ( Made from derivatives of petroleum, coal and natural gas)  Nylon—most durable of man-made fibers; extremely light weight  Polyester—most widely used man-made fiber  Acrylic—provides warmth from a lightweight, soft and resilient fiber  Spandex—extreme elastic properties

14. Plant fibers that are short, brittle, or slippery cannot be twined, woven, plaited, or spun can be used for paper, fiberboard, cellophane, and rayon (synthetic “silk” made from cellulose, mostly from wood pulp)

15. Fiber characteristics Look and feel Strength Elasticity Density Resistance to heat, chemicals, sun, etc.

16. Cotton Processing Ginning - removal of seeds and debris Carding - fibers are combed parallel to produce a web Sliver - made by twisting web into a large rope Drawing - more alignment Spinning Cleaning - boiled in caustic soda and bleached

17. Flax products Linen Linseed oil –oil paints, varnishes and stains Linoleum –Latin name, linum, which means flax, and oleum, which means oil. –Manufactured by oxidizing linseed oil to form a thick mixture called linoleum cement. –Cement is cooled & mixed with pine resin, & wood flour to form sheets on a jute backing. Candle wicks: braided cordage made of flax fibers

18. Bast: Hemp Cannabis sativa - used for at least 6000 years. Fibers are stiffer than flax, used in cordage, rope, canvas, and sailcloth. Made original set of Levis from hemp. –jeans are currently made of cotton.

19. Weave Terminology  Yarn—a continuous strand of fibers or filaments, either twisted or not  Warp—lengthwise yarn  Weft—crosswise yarn  Blend—a fabric made up of two or more different types of fiber.

20. Knitted Fabric Knitted fabrics are made by interlocking loops into a specific arrangement. It may be one continuous thread or a combination. Either way, the yarn is formed into successive rows of loops and then drawn through another series of loops to make the fabric.

21. 3 Lines vs. Ropes Rope is what you buy at the store on a spool. Lines are pieces of rope cut to length and put in service. Exceptions are bell ropes. bolt and foot ropes on sails. Some lines have special names - painters on small boats, lead lines, anchor rodes.

22. Rope Construction Laid Rope Most rope is right laid. Coil with the lay to avoid kinks. To construct laid rope – Fibers are twisted into yarns. – Yarns are twisted in the opposite direction into strands. – Strands are twisted in the original direction to form rope. 12

23. Rope Construction Braided Rope Made of interwoven strands Smoother and easier on the hands than laid rope Can be single or double braided Double braided has an inner core and is stronger than laid rope of same size. More expensive than laid rope 13

24. Care of Lines Coil up lines when stowing them. Fake (or flake) down lines that have to run out fast without kinks. Flemish a line lying on a flat surface to give it a neat, flat look. 15

26. Knots

27. Knots: rope to rope or on a rope – Joining knots: square knot, sheet bend – Stopper knot: overhand, figure eight – Special knots (nautical, alpine) Bowline Various loops—overhand, figure eight, etc Decorative: monkey’s fist, Turk’s head Hitch: rope to something else (a post or something) – Two half hitches – Taut line hitch – Clove hitch Storing rope – Coils – Daisy chain – Heat, knots, dirt

28. Knots

29. Knots: rope to rope or on a rope – Joining knots: square knot, sheet bend – Stopper knot: overhand, figure eight – Special knots (nautical, alpine) Bowline Various loops—overhand, figure eight, etc Decorative: monkey’s fist, Turk’s head Hitch: rope to something else (a post or something) – Two half hitches – Taut line hitch – Clove hitch Storing rope – Coils – Daisy chain – Heat, knots, dirt

30. Plain Whipping: The end of a rope should always be bound or whipped to prevent it from fraying. The easiest whipping to apply is the “plain whipping” although it may undo itself over time. We will show the more reliable “Sewn Whipping” in a future lesson. A whipping should end at least one inch from the end of a rope and the minimum length should be equal to the diameter of the rope on which it is applied. A whipping approximately three times the diameter of the rope or two whippings a short distance apart would be best. A sequential application procedure is shown below and on the following slide. 12 3 4 Cut a piece of good quality twine (nylon, treated) of an appropriate diameter for the rope you are using. Lay the twine on the rope with the bight toward the end as shown above. Start the procedure of applying recurrent turns toward the bight of the twine (2-3). After completing the length of whipping desired place the working end through the bight (4).

31. Finishing the Plain Whipping 5 6 7 8 9 Completed Plain Whipping 1 to 3 times Dia. of rope 1” min. After passing the working end of the twine through the bight, draw up the bight by pulling the other end of the twine (5). Secure the whipping by hiding the bight in the center of the whipping (6). Finish the whipping by cutting both ends of the whipping as close as possible without injuring any twine or rope fibers (7-8). Pull this end to draw up the bight. Working End Bight Bight hidden in center of the whipping.

33. Loops: Simple loops are important because many knots use a loop as the first step. Cross the working end over the standing part to make an Overhand Loop Cross the working end under the standing part to make an Underhand Loop Overhand LoopUnderhand Loop Position of the standing part and/or working end is a function of use.

34. Turns: Many knots also use turns as a first step in tying. Turns can also be used independently to control the weight or pull of an object at the other end. Incorrect Jam Turn Correct Working End under the Standing Part Working End over the Standing Part A Turn A Round Turn Direction (over or under) is a function of use