1. THEORIES AND MEASURES OF PERSONALITY

2. WHAT IS PERSONALITY?  PERSONALITY IS THE PATTERN OF ENDURING, DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS THAT PRODUCE CONSISTENCY AND INDIVIDUALITY IN A GIVEN PERSON

3. APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY  PSYCHODYNAMIC  TRAIT  SOCIAL  HUMANISTIC

4. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY  Approaches that assume that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness  Hidden drives, shaped by childhood experiences, play an important role in energizing and directing everyday behavior

5. SIGMUND FREUD  Freud’s approach is called Psychoanalytic Theory  Unconscious: A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware  Structure of Personality  Id  Ego  Superego

6. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY  Id  The raw unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives.  Operates on the Pleasure Principle

7. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY  Ego  The part of personality that provides a buffer between the Id and the outside world  Operates on the Reality Principle  Superego  The personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior

8. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

9. DEFENSE MECHANISMS Defense Mechanism DefinedExample RepressionUnacceptable impulses are pushed out of awareness into subconscious A woman is unable to consciously recall that she was raped RegressionPeople behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development A woman shopping for her wedding throws a temper-tantrum when she doesn’t get her way DisplacementThe expression of an unwanted feeling is redirected to a safe person A brother yells at his younger sister after he gets a bad grade RationalizationPeople provide self-justifying explanations in place of threatening reasons for their behavior A student goes out drinking the night before a test tells himself the test isn’t important

10. DEFENSE MECHANISMS Defense Mechanism DefinedExample DenialPeople refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety producing piece of information A student refuses to believe he could flunk a course ProjectionPeople attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else A man who is unfaithful to his wife suspects that his wife is unfaithful

11. PSYCHODYMANIC THEORISTS  Carl Jung (yoong)  Collective Unconscious: the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind.  Archetypes: emotionally laden ideas and images that have a rich and symbolic meaning for people.  Alfred Adler  Inferiority Complex  Superiority Complex

12. TRAIT APPROACH TO PERSONALITY TRAIT THEORY: A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality Traits: Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations

13. ALLPORT’S TRAIT THEORY Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Cardinal Traits: Single trait that directs most of a person’s activities Central Traits: An individual’s major characteristics; usually 5-10 in a single person. Secondary Traits: Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than cardinal or central traits

14. CATTELL’S & EYSENCK’S THEORIES Raymond Cattell 16 pairs of traits Developed 16 PF questionnaire Hans Eysenck 3 major dimensions Extraversion: social, lively, assertive, sensation-seeking Neuroticism: anxious, depressed, guilt, low self-esteem, tense Psychoticism: aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive

15. Raymond Cattell’s PF16

16. THE BIG 5 PERSONALITY TRAITS Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

17. SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH Albert Bandura Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions- thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values- as well as observation of others’ behavior, in determining personality Because of observational learning, people can foresee the outcome of certain behaviors in a specific setting without having to carry them out

18. SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH Self-Efficacy: The belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes Underlies people’s faith in their ability to successfully carry out a particular task or to produce a desired outcome Bandura places particular emphasis on self-efficacy in the development of personality There is a reciprocal interaction between the individual and their environment

19. SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH

20. HUMANISTIC APPROACH Theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning Conscious, self-motivated ability to change and improve, along with people’s unique creative impulses, make up the core of personality

21. ABRAHAM MASLOW Abraham Maslow believed that humanistic psychology neither dealt with Freudian drives nor with the stimulus-response principles of behaviorism. 2 Core tendencies Push for physical and psychological survival Push toward self-actualization Self-actualization: A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way

22. Hierarchy of Needs

23. CARL ROGERS Need For Positive Regard Unconditional Positive Regard: An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what the person says or does Conditional Positive Regard: The granting of love and acceptance only when certain behaving as another desires

24. TESTING PERSONALITY Psychological Tests: standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; Used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves. Components to psychological tests Reliability Validity Norms

25. SELF-REPORT MEASURES Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- 2- Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) Originally developed to identify personality disorders 338 items: True, False, Cannot say Interpretation is based on pattern of results Most widely used personality test The Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory—Revised

26. MMPI-2-RF EXAMPLE

27. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS Projective Personality Tests: A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous, vague stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story Examples: Rorschach Test Thematic Apperception Test

28. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS Rorschach Test A test that involves a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them

29. PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story

30. ASSESSING THE TESTS Understand what the test claims to measure Do not base decisions on the results on only one test Remember that test results are not always accurate

31. HEALTH AND PERSONALITY Personality can affect the health indirectly by leading to behaviors that are either good or bad. Conscientiousness Contentious people tend to do all the things they are told for the good of their health. A Sense of Personal Control can reduce the experience of stress during difficult times lead to the development of problem-solving strategies to cope with stress may help people avoid health-compromising behaviors.

32. HEALTH AND PERSONALITY Type A behavior pattern Excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile Links to coronary heart disease and heart attacks Type B behavior pattern Easy going, non-aggressive, cooperative and relaxed