1. The Rise of Democracy, 1824-1840  The Political Culture of Democracy Origins & Contradictions The 2 nd Great Awakening  Andrew Jackson  Democracy and Race “Red, White and Black”  The Party System  Conclusions

2. Questions to consider  How could democracy expand & decrease?  How did slavery grow & impact all of America?  How did the masses of Americans participate in politics?  Did political parties help or hurt democracy?  What was the relationship between politics and religion  How did Indians react to the growth of the U.S.?

3. Equality & Opportunity  General culture of egalitarianism  No monarchy or hereditary power  More social, economic, and political interactions across classes compared to Europe  Ideal of equal opportunity  Social and religious origins of some equality

4. Religious Democracy, 1839

5. Second Great Awakening  Methodists & Baptists Rural & West “Choose salvation” Pop culture Reformist   1830s Lorenzo Dow

6. Democratizing religion  Emotionalism and evangelicalism  Popular, anti-establishment  Egalitarian, local, “grassroots”  American Political System  Outlet for women & African Americans  Slavery & women’s rights  “Applied religion”

7. African American Religion J.L. Kimmel, 1935

8. The Political Culture of Democracy  Patterns, habits, institutions, and traits associated with the political system  1824: Andrew Jackson, populist “common man” almost won. Impacted political trends years  Panic of 1819: Some people believed that gov’t should more actively help citizens.  Elections became the arena for people to express their grievances about, and influence, public policy by electing candidates to benefit them.  More direct reaction to the “Will of the People”

9. Expanded Democracy for Who?  No property requirements  Fewer requirements for holding office  Popular election of officials  Voters chose electors & President  Universal white male suffrage

10. Reducing Democracy  Citizen defined practically as white & male  Women lacked voting rights: treated as male property, no legal status (feme covert)  Increased oppression of blacks Growth of slave codes Punishment against free blacks Racial inferiorities “biological” Slave rebellions

11. The Rise of Andrew Jackson  Born in 1767: humble birth  Western lawyer  Scots-Irish, farmer  War hero  Indian fighter  “Jacksonian Democrats”

12. The Politics of Image  Vote for the party, the policies, the person, or the perception?  “Populist” image  Emotionalism  Mass politics/parties  Communication & organization

13. Election of 1828

14. Jackson’s Inauguration Party

15. Jackson Presidency, 1828-1836  Defender of the people from big gov’t; political and economic elitism; narrow northeastern interests  Regional economic differences  Rejected the Nat’l Bank & “American Plan”  Supported the Spoils System Reward supporters with political jobs  Remove Indians, give land to white farmers

17. Jackson and the Indians  Indians after 1812  “5 Civilized Tribes”  Georgia  Removal Act, 1830  Resistance  Trail of Tears

18. Indian Nations after 1812  British eliminated  Tecumseh defeated  Treaties and land  125,000-200,000 Native People east of Miss. Rvr.  Conflict with states  Assimilation?  Extermination?  Removal?

19. “Five Civilized Tribes”  Cherokee  Choctaw  Chickasaw  Creek  Seminole  William McIntosh

20. Cherokee Nation  Constitution  Dictionary  Cherokee Phoenix  Bilingual  Schools & churches  Sequoyah 

21. Georgia and the Cherokee  GA ignored 1827 constitution  Jurisdiction over tribe  Farm land  Barred from court  Gold, 1829

23. Indian Removal Act, 1830  Jackson disliked federal-Indian relations  Did not want to reject treaties  “Save” the Indians from harm  East of the Mississippi River  Open land for white farmers  Pressure from slave holders

24. The Cherokee Cases, 1831-2 Cherokee v. Georgia -Tribe sued Georgia -Are Cherokees a foreign nation? -“Domestic dependent nations” -Indians and federal gov’t Worcester v. Georgia -Rev. Samuel Worcester -GA arrested him -Sued GA, won in Court -States lack power on res.

25. Chief Justice John Marshall  “…one of the great constitutional crises in the history of the nation”  Jackson Ignored Marshall

26. Cherokee Removal  Chief John Ross  Opposed removal  16,000 signatures  Wife died on Trail of Tears  Chief until 1860s

27. Trail of Tears  1838: ¼ Died on trip  No compensation for property  Cold, hunger, disease  Some refused to go, remain in GA, NC, TN

28. Indian Removal

30. Out of the Frying Pan….  Removal continued into the 1840s  Immigrant tribes moved into land of Indians in Southern Plains and northern Texas  Immigrant farming tribes suffered in arid plains  Caddos, Wichitas, Tonkawas, Pawnee, Comanche attacked immigrants, immigrants attacked them  Texas Rebellion & Independence in 1830s  Cherokees, Shawnees & Creeks allied with Texans against Mexican government  Ethnic cleansing and racial violence by Texas

31. Conclusions: Indian Affairs Contradictory…  Indian Nations above states  Direct relations with federal gov’t.  Most Natives relocated west of Miss.  Seminole Wars in Florida  1840s Indian Affairs shift to Plains  Treaties, but gov’t would use FORCE

32. Conclusions for Jacksonian America  Mass politics and political parties  Growth & decline of democracy  Religious revivalism  Importance of Race  Indian removal and resistance